© Adri Marie

Turkey, a country bridging Europe and Asia, offers a captivating mix of ancient heritage, stunning landscapes, and vibrant city life. Istanbul, the cultural and historical heart, is home to iconic landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, and Grand Bazaar. Visitors can cruise along the Bosphorus, explore bustling markets, and indulge in traditional Turkish delights like baklava and Turkish tea. The city’s rich blend of Ottoman, Byzantine, and modern influences makes it a fascinating destination.

Beyond Istanbul, Cappadocia is a dreamlike region known for its fairy chimneys, underground cities, and breathtaking hot air balloon rides. The surreal rock formations and ancient cave dwellings provide a glimpse into Turkey’s geological and historical wonders. Travelers can hike through Göreme National Park, visit Derinkuyu Underground City, and experience the region’s unique hospitality in cave hotels.

For coastal beauty, Antalya and the Turkish Riviera offer pristine beaches, turquoise waters, and ancient ruins. The Lycian Way, a scenic hiking trail, winds through dramatic cliffs and historic sites like Patara and Olympos. Visitors can relax in Kaş, explore the sunken city of Kekova, or enjoy the lively atmosphere of Bodrum.

History of Turkey

Turkey: Prehistoric and Ancient Civilizations

Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era, with early human settlements emerging in regions like Göbekli Tepe, one of the world’s oldest known temples. The Hittites established a powerful kingdom in the 2nd millennium BCE, followed by the Phrygians, Lydians, and Urartians, each contributing to the region’s cultural and political landscape. The Greeks and Persians later controlled parts of Turkey, shaping its early history.

Turkey: Roman and Byzantine Eras

By the 2nd century BCE, Turkey became part of the Roman Empire, later evolving into the heart of the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople, founded by Emperor Constantine in 330 CE, became a major political and cultural center. The Byzantine period saw the rise of Christianity, architectural marvels like Hagia Sophia, and conflicts with neighboring powers.

Turkey: Seljuk and Ottoman Empires

The Seljuk Turks arrived in the 11th century, defeating the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and establishing the Seljuk Empire. By the 13th century, the Ottoman Empire emerged, expanding rapidly under rulers like Mehmed II, who conquered Constantinople in 1453, transforming it into the Ottoman capital. The empire reached its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, controlling vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Turkey: Decline of the Ottoman Empire and Republic Formation

The Ottoman Empire gradually declined in the 19th century, facing internal struggles and external pressures. After World War I, the empire was dismantled, leading to the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922). In 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the Republic of Turkey, introducing sweeping reforms to modernize the country.

Turkey: Modern Era and Global Influence

Since its foundation, Turkey has undergone significant political, economic, and social transformations. The country has played a key role in regional and global affairs, balancing its historical legacy with modernization efforts. Today, Turkey continues to evolve, maintaining its unique blend of tradition and progress.

Best Time to Visit Turkey

Turkey: Spring (March–May)

Spring is a vibrant time to visit Turkey, with mild temperatures and blooming landscapes. The Nevruz Festival, celebrated in March, marks the arrival of spring with traditional dances and festivities. Istanbul’s Tulip Festival in April transforms the city’s parks into colorful floral displays. This season is ideal for exploring Cappadocia, Ephesus, and the Mediterranean coastline, where nature is at its most picturesque.

Turkey: Summer (June–August) (Best)

Summer is the best time to visit Turkey for beach lovers and festival-goers. The Istanbul Music Festival in June showcases classical performances, while the Aspendos Opera and Ballet Festival in July brings world-class productions to an ancient Roman theater. Coastal destinations like Bodrum, Antalya, and Fethiye offer pristine beaches and lively nightlife. Despite the heat, the long daylight hours make it perfect for sightseeing and outdoor adventures.

Turkey: Autumn (September–November)

Autumn in Turkey is a feast for the senses, with cooler temperatures and cultural celebrations. The International Wine Festival in Cappadocia highlights the region’s winemaking traditions, while the Istanbul Biennial in September showcases contemporary art. The changing foliage enhances the beauty of Pamukkale, Mount Nemrut, and the Black Sea region, making it an excellent time for scenic travel.

Turkey: Winter (December–February)

Winter transforms Turkey into a cozy wonderland, with festive charm and snowy landscapes. The Whirling Dervish Ceremonies in Konya offer a spiritual experience, while ski resorts in Uludağ and Palandöken provide excellent winter sports opportunities. Istanbul’s New Year’s Eve celebrations light up the city, making winter a magical time to visit.

Food and Drink from Turkey

1. Menemen – Turkish Scrambled Eggs

Menemen is a savory breakfast dish made with scrambled eggs, tomatoes, green peppers, and spices, cooked in olive oil. It is often enjoyed with fresh bread, making it a comforting and flavorful start to the day.

2. Şiş Kebap – Grilled Meat Skewers

Şiş Kebap is a classic Turkish dish featuring marinated lamb, chicken, or fish, skewered and grilled over charcoal. The smoky, tender meat is typically served with bread and fresh herbs.

3. Köfte – Turkish Meatballs

Köfte are seasoned meatballs made from ground beef or lamb, mixed with onions, herbs, and spices. They can be grilled, stewed, or served with yogurt, offering a variety of textures and flavors.

4. Baklava – Layered Pastry Dessert

Baklava is a sweet pastry made with thin layers of filo dough, nuts, and honey or syrup. This rich, flaky dessert has been a staple of Turkish cuisine for centuries.

5. Turkish Pilav – Flavored Rice Dish

Pilav is a buttery, toasted rice dish, cooked in a seasoned broth. It is often served as a side or main dish, with variations including saffron-infused or vegetable pilav.

6. Ayran – Refreshing Yogurt Drink

Ayran is a cooling, salty yogurt-based drink, made by blending yogurt, water, and salt. It is a popular accompaniment to grilled meats and spicy dishes.

7. Rakı – Traditional Anise-Flavored Spirit

Rakı is a strong, anise-flavored alcoholic beverage, often diluted with water, turning it into a milky-white drink. It is traditionally enjoyed with meze and seafood.

8. Salep – Warm Orchid-Based Beverage

Salep is a creamy, spiced winter drink, made from wild orchid root powder, milk, and cinnamon. It is a comforting beverage, especially popular during colder months.

9. Lokum – Turkish Delight

Lokum, or Turkish Delight, is a gelatinous, chewy confection, flavored with rose, lemon, pistachio, or pomegranate, and dusted with powdered sugar.

10. Pırpır – Unique Turkish Cocktail

Pırpır is a distinctive Turkish cocktail, known for its bold flavors and aromatic ingredients. It is a specialty drink that reflects Turkey’s diverse beverage culture.