San Sebastián, located in the Basque Country of Spain, has a history that dates back to ancient times. The area was originally inhabited by the Basque people, who are one of the oldest ethnic groups in Europe. The town itself was founded in the early 12th century by King Sancho VI of Navarre.

San Sebastián in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, San Sebastián developed as an important fishing and maritime town. Its strategic coastal location made it a valuable port for trade and military purposes. The town’s defensive walls and fortifications were built to protect against frequent pirate attacks and invasions.

San Sebastián Under Spanish Rule

In the 16th century, San Sebastián came under Spanish rule when the Kingdom of Navarre was incorporated into Spain. The town’s importance as a military stronghold grew, and it became a key point of defense against French invasions. The city’s fortifications were strengthened, and the Castle of La Mota was built on Mount Urgull.

The Napoleonic Wars and San Sebastián

San Sebastián played a significant role during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1813, the city was besieged and captured by British and Portuguese forces fighting against Napoleon’s army. The city suffered extensive damage during the siege and subsequent fires, leading to major rebuilding efforts in the 19th century.

The Belle Époque Era in San Sebastián

The late 19th and early 20th centuries marked a period of prosperity and growth for San Sebastián, known as the Belle Époque. The city became a fashionable summer resort for European aristocracy, including Queen Maria Cristina of Spain. During this time, many of San Sebastián’s iconic buildings and landmarks, such as the Hotel María Cristina and the Victoria Eugenia Theatre, were constructed.

San Sebastián in the 20th Century

San Sebastián continued to thrive in the 20th century, despite the challenges of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The city became known for its cultural and culinary excellence, hosting numerous festivals and events. The San Sebastián International Film Festival, established in 1953, gained international acclaim and continues to be a major cultural event.

Contemporary San Sebastián

Today, San Sebastián is a vibrant and cosmopolitan city, renowned for its beautiful beaches, world-class cuisine, and rich cultural heritage. The city boasts several Michelin-starred restaurants and is considered a culinary capital of Spain. San Sebastián’s picturesque old town, scenic coastal walks, and lively cultural scene attract visitors from around the world.