CC BY-SA 3.0 / Jean-Christophe BENOIST

Pamplona, the capital of Navarra, is by far the largest and most significant city in the region of Navarre and La Rioja. It is best known for the San Fermín Festival, held each July, which attracts thousands of visitors eager to witness the legendary Running of the Bulls (Encierro in Spanish). Pamplona’s reputation as a global destination is partly due to Ernest Hemingway, who wrote about the festival and the city’s atmosphere in his novel The Sun Also Rises. His time in Navarra during the Spanish Civil War further cemented the city’s place in literary and cultural history, making it a must-visit for those intrigued by both history and tradition.

Beyond its famous festival, Pamplona boasts a wealth of historical and architectural treasures. The city’s medieval walls, which once protected its inhabitants, now offer scenic walking routes with breathtaking views. The Gothic cathedral, an imposing structure rich in historical significance, stands alongside the 16th-century citadel, a well-preserved fortress showcasing Pamplona’s military past. The Baroque town hall, located in the heart of the Old Town, is another remarkable highlight, often serving as the backdrop for cultural celebrations.

Pamplona’s Casco Antiguo (Old Town) exudes charm, with its narrow streets winding through lively squares where locals gather to socialize. The relaxed atmosphere is enhanced by numerous outdoor cafés, where visitors can sip local wines or indulge in traditional Navarrese cuisine, such as chistorra sausage or pimientos del piquillo. Whether exploring historic landmarks, enjoying the city’s vibrant social scene, or immersing yourself in its famous festivities, Pamplona offers a unique and captivating experience for travelers.

History of Pamplona

Early History of Pamplona

This charming historic town was founded by Pompey in 75-74BC, while he was fighting the against Quintus Sertorius, the leader of a revolt against Rome. The city’s first name was Pompeiopolis or Pompaelo –  the city of Pompey. In the 5th century, the Visigoths establish a bishopric here and called the city Iruña. It fell and was occupied by the Moors in 711. In 778, Charlemagne razed the walls of Pamplona, which lead to Basque forcing him to retreat at the Battle of Roncesvalles, an event interpreted as the beginnings of the small Kingdom of Pamplona.

The Christian Reconquest of Pamplona

Its first king was Eneko Aritza. Pamplona was made capital of the kingdom of Navarre by Sancho III of Navarre (1000–35), and his new foundation was known as the Ciudad de la Navarrería.

The Kingdom of Navarre and Pamplona

Throughout the Middle Ages, Pamplona remained the capital of the Kingdom of Navarre. The city flourished as a political and cultural center, experiencing growth in trade and the arts. The construction of notable buildings, including the new Gothic cathedral, marked this era of prosperity. In 1512 the armies of King Ferdinand of Aragon-Castile entered Pamplona, and the portion of Navarre south of the Pyrenees was incorporated into Spain.  The citadel built by Philip II of Spain in 1571 made Pamplona the most strongly fortified town of the north.

Pamplona in the Early Modern Period

The 16th century brought significant changes to Pamplona when the Kingdom of Navarre was annexed by Spain in 1512. The city became a key military outpost for the Spanish Crown, leading to the construction of extensive fortifications, including the famous citadel, to defend against potential invasions.

The San Fermín Festival

One of the most iconic aspects of Pamplona’s history is the San Fermín Festival, which dates back to the medieval period. The festival, held annually in July, features the famous “Running of the Bulls” (Encierro) and attracts visitors from around the world. The event has deep cultural and religious significance, celebrating the city’s patron saint, Saint Fermin.

Pamplona in the 19th and 20th Centuries

The 19th and early 20th centuries were periods of modernization and growth for Pamplona. The city expanded beyond its medieval walls, developing new neighborhoods and modern infrastructure. Industrialization brought economic development, while cultural and educational institutions flourished.

Pamplona in Contemporary Times

Today, Pamplona is a vibrant city that blends its rich historical heritage with modern amenities. It remains an important cultural and economic center in the region of Navarre. The city’s historical sites, such as its well-preserved medieval walls, the Gothic cathedral, and the bustling Plaza del Castillo, attract tourists and reflect its storied past.

Pamplona’s Cultural and Educational Contributions

Pamplona is also known for its contributions to education and culture. The University of Navarre, established in the mid-20th century, is a prestigious institution that attracts students from around the world. The city hosts various cultural festivals, exhibitions, and performances, maintaining its status as a cultural hub.

Moira & Andy

Hey! We're Moira & Andy. From hiking the Camino to trips around Europe in Bert our campervan — we've been traveling together since retirement in 2020!

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Visiting Pamplona for the first time and wondering what are the top places to see in the city? In this complete guide, I share the best things to do in Pamplona on the first visit. To help you plan your trip, I have also included an interactive map and practical tips for visiting!

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