Brussels: The Complete Guide

Visiting Brussels offers a rich and layered urban experience in the heart of Belgium’s central region. As the capital of both Belgium and the European Union, the city has an unmistakably international feel while retaining its own local character. The Grand Place, the central square, is an essential stop—with its ornate guildhalls and Town Hall forming a remarkable architectural ensemble. From here, you can wander into small cobbled streets filled with chocolate shops, beer cafés, and comic strip murals, which together reveal Brussels’ eccentric and creative spirit.

The area surrounding the European Quarter presents a different face of Brussels. Sleek modern buildings house EU institutions, but the district is balanced by green spaces such as Parc Léopold and Parc du Cinquantenaire, both excellent for quiet strolls. While the area is a hub for politics and business, it’s also surprisingly visitor-friendly with museums like the House of European History and the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces, as well as good transport links connecting you to the rest of the city.

Elsewhere in Brussels, neighborhoods like Ixelles and Saint-Gilles offer a more bohemian and artistic vibe, perfect for those who want to explore local markets, Art Nouveau architecture, and independent galleries. You’ll find cozy cafés, diverse restaurants, and lively street life, especially around Place Flagey and the Chatelain area. Whether you’re into high culture, quirky design, or a laid-back afternoon with Belgian waffles, Brussels makes a compelling and varied base to explore both its own sights and nearby regions of Flanders and Wallonia.

History of Brussels

Brussels in the Early Middle Ages

Brussels began as a modest settlement in the 10th century, around a fortification built by Charles of Lower Lotharingia, a descendant of the Carolingian dynasty. The original name, “Bruocsella,” referred to a marshy home or dwelling, and the community slowly grew around this strategic location along the Senne River. During this early period, the settlement was primarily religious and agrarian, with the construction of a chapel—eventually evolving into the Church of Saint-Géry—marking the early spiritual centre of Brussels.

Brussels in the High and Late Middle Ages

By the 12th century, Brussels had transformed into a thriving trade hub, thanks to its location on key trade routes between Cologne and Bruges. The town became a market centre and gained prominence for its textile industry, especially in wool and cloth production. In 979, the city came under the control of the Dukes of Brabant, who expanded its fortifications and administrative significance. During this time, Brussels acquired its first city charter and built protective walls. The medieval character of the city began to solidify with the construction of guild houses, churches, and the early foundations of the Grand Place.

Brussels during the Burgundian and Habsburg Eras

In the 15th century, Brussels flourished under the Burgundian Netherlands and later became a crucial city within the Habsburg Empire. It became one of the principal seats of power under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Brussels was not only an administrative capital but also a vibrant centre of arts and governance. However, the period was also marked by religious tension and political unrest, including the beheading of Protestant leaders in the Grand Place in 1568 under Spanish rule, during the rise of the Reformation.

Brussels from the 17th to 19th Centuries

The city faced significant destruction in 1695 when French forces bombarded Brussels, causing widespread devastation, especially in the Grand Place area. The rebuilding effort gave the square its present-day appearance, with ornate guildhalls in the Baroque style. In the 18th century, Brussels saw further urban development under Austrian Habsburg rule, including elegant new districts. After a brief period under French control during the Napoleonic Wars, Brussels became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. The Belgian Revolution of 1830 then led to the establishment of Belgium as an independent kingdom, with Brussels chosen as its capital.

Brussels in the 20th and 21st Centuries

The 20th century brought rapid modernization to Brussels, along with the challenges of two World Wars. The city was occupied during both conflicts but avoided the widespread destruction seen elsewhere. After World War II, Brussels emerged as a key player in European diplomacy and integration. It became the seat of the European Union and NATO, reshaping its identity as a global political capital. Despite modern pressures like urban sprawl and language tensions between French and Dutch speakers, Brussels continues to evolve—blending heritage with modernity while maintaining its multicultural and cosmopolitan essence.

Visiting Brussels for the first time and wondering what are the top places to see in the city? In this complete guide, I share the best things to do in Brussels on the first visit. To help you plan your trip, I have also included an interactive map and practical tips for visiting!

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1. Brussels Grand Place

The Grand Place is the historic and cultural heart of Brussels, known for its stunning architecture and lively atmosphere. This UNESCO World Heritage site features ornate guildhalls, the Town Hall with its soaring spire, and the King’s House, making it a must-see for any visitor. The square hosts regular events and markets, creating a vibrant hub day and night.

Visiting the Grand Place is free, and it’s especially beautiful in the evening when the buildings are illuminated. Seasonal events like the Flower Carpet (every two years) transform the square into a spectacular visual feast.

2. Brussels Atomium

The Atomium is an iconic symbol of Brussels, representing a unit cell of an iron crystal magnified 165 billion times. Visitors can explore its futuristic spheres connected by tubes, featuring exhibitions and panoramic views of the city from the top sphere. It offers a unique blend of science, architecture, and design.

Entry costs around €16 for adults and is open daily, generally from 10 am to 6 pm. It is family-friendly and includes interactive displays that appeal to all ages.

3. Magritte Museum Brussels

Dedicated to the surrealist painter René Magritte, this museum houses one of the largest collections of his works. Located near the Royal Museums of Fine Arts, it offers insight into Magritte’s mysterious and imaginative art, including paintings, sculptures, and photographs.

Admission is typically around €10 and the museum is open from 10 am to 5 pm. It provides a fascinating cultural experience for those interested in modern art and surrealism.

4. Royal Palace of Brussels

The Royal Palace, though not the official residence of the monarchy, serves as the administrative palace and is a splendid example of neoclassical architecture. It is open to the public during the summer months, allowing visitors to explore its lavish rooms, grand staircases, and impressive art collections.

Entry is free during the open season, usually from late July to early September. The palace is situated in Brussels’ Parc de Bruxelles, a lovely area for walking.

5. Parc de Bruxelles (Brussels Park)

This central urban park offers a peaceful green space for relaxation amid the city bustle. It features wide lawns, tree-lined paths, fountains, and statues. The park often hosts outdoor concerts and cultural events, making it a pleasant spot to unwind or enjoy a picnic.

Open year-round with free access, it connects important landmarks like the Royal Palace and the Belgian Parliament.

6. Belgian Comic Strip Center

Brussels is famous for its comic art heritage, and this museum celebrates that tradition. It showcases original drawings, comic strips, and multimedia exhibits highlighting Belgian comics such as Tintin, The Smurfs, and Lucky Luke. The museum’s Art Nouveau building is also an architectural highlight.

The entrance fee is about €10, and it’s open daily except Mondays, usually from 10 am to 6 pm. It’s a fun visit for families and comic enthusiasts alike.

7. Mont des Arts Brussels

Mont des Arts is a cultural complex and historic site offering beautiful gardens, fountains, and panoramic views over Brussels. It links the Royal Palace area to the lower town and is surrounded by museums, libraries, and concert halls. The terraces are perfect for a scenic stroll or photography.

Free to access, Mont des Arts is an ideal place to soak up the city’s artistic atmosphere.

8. Museum of Musical Instruments Brussels

Housed in a stunning Art Nouveau building, this museum displays a vast collection of musical instruments from various cultures and periods. It combines visual and auditory experiences with guided tours and demonstrations. Visitors can learn about the history of music and instrument craftsmanship.

Admission costs around €10, with opening hours typically from 10 am to 5 pm. It is located close to the city centre, making it easy to visit after other nearby attractions.

9. Sainte-Catherine Square Brussels

This lively square is known for its seafood restaurants and charming market atmosphere. It’s a great spot for dining and people-watching, surrounded by historic architecture. The nearby Church of Sainte-Catherine adds to the area’s charm with its distinctive design and maritime heritage.

The square hosts regular markets and events, especially on weekends, making it a vibrant place to explore.

10. Cinquantenaire Park Brussels

Cinquantenaire is a large public park with impressive arches, museums, and gardens. The park is perfect for walking, jogging, or simply relaxing amid green spaces. Nearby, the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History offers a rich collection of historical artifacts.

Access to the park is free, while museums in the area usually charge around €10 for entry. The park is open year-round and offers a mix of leisure and cultural experiences.