Complete Guide to Northern Vietnam (2025)
The northern region of Vietnam impresses with its majestic mountain ranges, ancient rice terraces, and diverse ethnic communities.
Hanoi, situated along the Red River, is a city where time stands still yet races forward. The city’s atmospheric Old Quarter, serene Hoan Kiem Lake, and classic colonial architecture are sure to enchant visitors. Hanoi boasts excellent museums and art galleries, and its abundant and delicious street food will satisfy any appetite. Enjoy the city’s timeless rhythm by pulling up a chair at one of its many charming cafes and watching life unfold.
Just a short distance from Hanoi lies Ninh Binh, a fairy tale landscape featuring sheer limestone cliffs rising from paddy fields. Rowboats offer a mesmerizing journey through the area’s river caves. A trip to northern Vietnam wouldn’t be complete without a cruise on Halong Bay, where you can marvel at the thousands of islets and the bay’s deep emerald waters.
Table of Contents
- Cities of Northern Vietnam
- History of Northern Vietnam
- Prehistoric Times in Northern Vietnam
- Northern Vietnam in the Van Lang and Au Lac Kingdoms
- Northern Vietnam under Chinese Domination
- Northern Vietnam in the Independent Dynastic Period
- Northern Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty and French Colonial Rule
- Northern Vietnam in the 20th Century
- Contemporary Northern Vietnam
- Cities of Northern Vietnam
- Best Time to Visit Northern Vietnam
- Visiting Northern Vietnam in Spring
- Visiting Northern Vietnam in Summer
- Visiting Northern Vietnam in Autumn
- Visiting Northern Vietnam in Winter
- How to get to Northern Vietnam
- Getting to Northern Vietnam by Air
- Getting to Northern Vietnam by Train
- Getting to Northern Vietnam by Bus
- Getting to Northern Vietnam by Car
- Festivals in Northern Vietnam
Cities of Northern Vietnam
Hanoi
Founded over 1000 years ago, Vietnam’s capital city, Hanoi, is steeped in history, with the streets of its winding Old Quarter dating back to the 14th century. Strolling through these tree-lined lanes and past weathered colonial facades feels like stepping back in time. Yet, modern-day Hanoi is far more than its historical roots. The ancient city is alive with modern cafes, world-class restaurants, and vibrant art galleries. As night falls, the city offers a variety of nightlife options, from sophisticated rooftop bars to lively bia hơi joints. For first-time visitors, these experiences are a must. From ancient temples to bustling markets, Hanoi is the cultural heartbeat of Vietnam, offering a blend of the old and the new.
View our Hanoi Guide
Ha Giang
Ha Giang, a border province and designated Frontier Area, is situated in the remote far northern region of Vietnam. Exploring this province is like traveling back in time, offering encounters with some of the country’s most rugged and awe-inspiring landscapes. The best way to experience Ha Giang is through a road trip, ideally on two wheels, enabling you to fully immerse yourself in the stunning scenery and the distinctive charm of its remote towns and minority villages.
View our Ha Giang Guide
Ha Long Bay
For many, the seascape of Ha Long Bay epitomizes Vietnam. Cruises navigate the emerald green waters amidst thousands of rugged islands and islets, pausing at spectacular caves where visitors can explore impressive, centuries-old formations. Ha Long Bay’s enchanting beauty has made it a must-visit destination in the country, yet it’s still possible to discover secluded corners to enjoy in peace.
View our Ha Long Bay Guide
Ninh Binh (Tam Coc)
Visiting Ninh Binh in Vietnam offers travelers a unique blend of natural beauty, cultural richness, and historical significance. Often referred to as the “Ha Long Bay on land,” Ninh Binh features stunning limestone karsts rising dramatically from emerald-green rice paddies and winding rivers. One of the highlights is a boat trip through the Tam Coc or Trang An landscapes, where you glide past towering cliffs and serene caves, experiencing the tranquil beauty of the region up close. The scenic beauty is matched by the historical and cultural attractions, such as the ancient capital of Hoa Lu, where visitors can explore temples and ruins dating back to the Dinh and Le dynasties.
Beyond its natural and historical allure, Ninh Binh also offers a glimpse into rural Vietnamese life. Visitors can bike through picturesque villages, interact with friendly locals, and witness traditional farming practices. The area is home to several significant religious sites, including the Bai Dinh Pagoda, one of the largest Buddhist complexes in Vietnam, featuring an impressive array of statues and stupas. For those seeking adventure, the climb to the top of Hang Mua provides a breathtaking panoramic view of the entire region, rewarding the effort with one of the most iconic vistas in Vietnam. Ninh Binh is a destination that promises both relaxation and adventure, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring the northern part of the country.
View our Ninh Binh (Tam Coc) Guide
History of Northern Vietnam
Prehistoric Times in Northern Vietnam
Northern Vietnam has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with evidence from sites such as Dong Son and Phung Nguyen cultures indicating early human settlement along river valleys. These early communities developed rice cultivation, bronze casting, and intricate pottery techniques. The Dong Son culture, known for its bronze drums, played a foundational role in shaping the region’s early social and spiritual practices.
Northern Vietnam in the Van Lang and Au Lac Kingdoms
Between the 7th and 3rd centuries BCE, the area that is now Northern Vietnam was home to the semi-mythical Van Lang Kingdom, followed by the Au Lac Kingdom. These early states were ruled by the Hung Kings and later King An Duong Vuong. The period marked the formation of centralized rule, irrigation systems, and fortified settlements, laying the groundwork for later Vietnamese identity.
Northern Vietnam under Chinese Domination
From 111 BCE to 938 CE, Northern Vietnam was under the control of various Chinese dynasties. This period saw the introduction of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, as well as Chinese administrative systems and language influences. Despite foreign rule, several local uprisings occurred, most notably by the Trung Sisters in the 1st century CE and Lady Trieu in the 3rd century.
Northern Vietnam in the Independent Dynastic Period
In 938 CE, Ngo Quyen’s victory at the Battle of Bach Dang ended Chinese domination and marked the beginning of independent Vietnamese rule. Over the following centuries, dynasties such as the Dinh, Le, Ly, Tran, and Later Le ruled from capitals located in Northern Vietnam. This period saw the consolidation of Vietnamese culture, expansion southward, and the flourishing of literature, Confucian education, and Buddhist art.
Northern Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty and French Colonial Rule
In the 19th century, the Nguyen Dynasty unified the country but maintained Hanoi and surrounding areas as important administrative and cultural centers. By the late 1800s, Northern Vietnam became part of French Indochina. Hanoi served as the capital of the colonial government, and the region saw the construction of French-style buildings, railways, and schools, alongside rising nationalist resistance.
Northern Vietnam in the 20th Century
Northern Vietnam played a central role in the 20th century’s political and military history. After World War II, it became the base of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh. The region was a focal point during the First Indochina War and later served as the capital of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Hanoi remained a symbol of resilience and leadership throughout decades of conflict.
Contemporary Northern Vietnam
Today, Northern Vietnam blends ancient heritage with modern development. Hanoi continues as the political capital and cultural heart of the nation. The region is known for its historic temples, French colonial architecture, traditional villages, and natural landscapes such as Ha Long Bay and the mountains of Sapa. It remains deeply tied to Vietnam’s national identity and historical legacy.
Best Time to Visit Northern Vietnam
Visiting Northern Vietnam in Spring
Spring (March to May) in Northern Vietnam is mild and gradually warming. March begins with daytime temperatures around 22°C to 25°C and cooler nights near 17°C. By May, temperatures rise to 28°C to 32°C with increased humidity. Early spring features light drizzle and mist, while April and May see clearer skies and vibrant landscapes, especially in mountainous areas and rice terraces.
Visiting Northern Vietnam in Summer
Summer (June to August) is hot and humid in Northern Vietnam. Daytime temperatures range from 32°C to 36°C, with nighttime lows between 25°C and 28°C. This is the region’s wettest season, with frequent afternoon and evening downpours, particularly in July. Despite the rain, mornings are often dry, and the scenery becomes lush and green, especially in rural and highland provinces.
Visiting Northern Vietnam in Autumn
Autumn (September to November) is considered the most pleasant season in Northern Vietnam. September retains some humidity and rain, but by October and November, skies are mostly clear and dry. Daytime temperatures range from 25°C to 30°C, with cooler nights around 18°C to 22°C. The weather is ideal for hiking, exploring cities, and visiting cultural sites across the region.
Visiting Northern Vietnam in Winter
Winter (December to February) is cool and dry, especially in the northern highlands. Daytime temperatures range from 18°C to 22°C, while nighttime lows can drop to 10°C or lower in mountainous areas such as Sapa and Ha Giang. In Hanoi and other lowland cities, temperatures average 15°C to 20°C. Cloudy skies and occasional drizzle are common, creating a crisp atmosphere for cultural visits and festivals.
Annual Weather Overview
- January 21°C 74°F
- February 27°C 84°F
- March 27°C 85°F
- April 30°C 94°F
- May 31°C 96°F
- June 31°C 97°F
- July 31°C 96°F
- August 29°C 92°F
- September 30°C 90°F
- October 29°C 87°F
- November 27°C 85°F
- December 22°C 76°F
How to get to Northern Vietnam
Getting to Northern Vietnam by Air
Northern Vietnam is served by several major airports. Noi Bai International Airport (HAN) in Hanoi is the primary gateway, offering a wide range of domestic and international flights from Asia, Europe, and beyond. This airport connects travelers to towns and cities across Northern Vietnam, including Sapa, Ninh Binh, and Ha Long. Cat Bi International Airport (HPH) in Hai Phong is another key airport, ideal for access to Ha Long Bay and nearby coastal areas. Dien Bien Phu Airport (DIN) serves more remote destinations in the northwest, including Dien Bien and surrounding highland provinces.
Getting to Northern Vietnam by Train
Northern Vietnam is linked by the national railway system, with Hanoi as a central hub. Trains run from Hanoi to various towns such as Lao Cai (gateway to Sapa), Hai Phong, Ninh Binh, and Lang Son. Overnight sleeper trains and soft seat options are available, providing scenic and comfortable travel through the region’s mountains and countryside.
Getting to Northern Vietnam by Bus
Long-distance buses operate between Hanoi and many other towns and provinces in Northern Vietnam. Cities like Sapa, Ha Giang, Cao Bang, and Ninh Binh are well-served by modern buses, including VIP sleeper coaches and air-conditioned express services. Bus travel is efficient and widely used for reaching rural destinations where trains may not operate.
Getting to Northern Vietnam by Car
Driving to and within Northern Vietnam allows access to scenic and remote areas. National highways and well-maintained provincial roads link Hanoi to places like Mai Chau, Bac Ha, and Ha Giang. Self-drive rentals, private car hires, and motorbike tours are common for travelers exploring the highlands, rice terraces, and ethnic minority villages across the region.
Festivals in Northern Vietnam
Co Loa Citadel Festival
When: February
Where: Dong Anh District, Hanoi
A celebration honoring King An Duong Vuong, featuring traditional rituals, processions, and folk games at the historic Co Loa Citadel.
Gao Tau Festival
When: February
Where: Ha Giang Province
A traditional festival of the Hmong people, involving rituals to seek blessings for health and prosperity, accompanied by cultural performances and community feasts.
Yen Tu Festival
When: February to May
Where: Quang Ninh Province
A pilgrimage to the sacred Yen Tu Mountain, where devotees visit ancient pagodas and temples, reflecting on Buddhist teachings and practices.
Saint Giong Festival
When: April
Where: Soc Son District, Hanoi
A festival commemorating the mythical hero Saint Giong, featuring elaborate processions, martial arts performances, and traditional games.
Cua Ong Temple Festival
When: February to April
Where: Cua Ong Ward, Cam Pha City, Quang Ninh Province
A festival honoring General Tran Quoc Tang, with ceremonies, processions, and folk games held at the Cua Ong Temple complex.
Buddha’s Birthday (Vesak Day)
When: May
Where: Various locations across Northern Vietnam
A significant Buddhist celebration marked by prayer ceremonies, lantern releases, and cultural performances at temples and pagodas.
Mid-Autumn Festival (Tet Trung Thu)
When: September
Where: Hanoi and other towns in Northern Vietnam
A family-oriented festival featuring lion dances, lantern parades, and the enjoyment of mooncakes, celebrating the harvest season.