Complete Guide to Madrid (2025)

Historically part of Castile, Madrid is now its own autonomous region and the most densely populated area in Spain. The metropolitan area is home to about 6 million people, making it a bustling and prosperous region with a strong service-based economy. The area has seen massive development in recent decades.

Old Madrid is renowned for its urban architecture, ornate churches, and the world-famous Prado Museum and art gallery. Like the rest of central Spain, Madrid experiences a continental climate, with hot, dry summers and cold, largely dry winters. The city is situated at an altitude of almost 650 meters above sea level, making it the highest capital city among European Union member states.

Cities of Madrid

Madrid

Madrid, the capital and largest city of Spain, showcases the nation’s finest attributes through its vibrant population, diverse culinary offerings to suit every budget, and an array of top-tier museums and galleries found nowhere else in Europe.

With a population of nearly 3.3 million residents and a metropolitan area exceeding 6.5 million, Madrid ranks as the third-largest city in the European Union, trailing only behind London and Berlin. Situated on the River Manzanares at the heart of the country and the Community of Madrid, it borders the autonomous regions of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha. Serving as the political, economic, and cultural nucleus of Spain, Madrid is the residence of the Spanish monarch, seat of government, and headquarters of the current mayor, José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People’s Party.

Notably, Madrid’s urban agglomeration boasts the third-largest GDP in the European Union, with significant influence across various sectors including politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts. It is home to renowned football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid, and is considered the major financial center and leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and Southern Europe.

Madrid’s international significance extends to hosting the headquarters of prominent organizations such as the UN’s World Tourism Organization, the Ibero-American General Secretariat, and the Organization of Ibero-American States. It also serves as the headquarters for major international promoters of the Spanish language, including the Royal Spanish Academy and the Cervantes Institute.

While Madrid boasts modern infrastructure, it has preserved the historic charm of many neighborhoods and streets. Visitors can explore iconic landmarks such as the Plaza Mayor, the Royal Palace of Madrid, the Buen Retiro Park, and the Golden Triangle of Art, which encompasses the Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. The city’s rich cultural heritage is further exemplified by the Cibeles Palace and Fountain, emblematic symbols of Madrid.

View our Madrid Guide

Alcalá de Henares

CC BY-SA 2.0 / M.Peinado

Alcalá de Henares, situated 35 kilometers (22 miles) northeast of Madrid, is a fantastic day trip from the capital. From its rich literary heritage to its vibrant tapas scene, here are the top attractions and activities to enjoy when visiting this charming city.

View our Alcalá de Henares Guide

History of Madrid

Prehistoric Times in the Madrid Region

The history of the Madrid region dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of early human settlements from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. Archaeological findings, such as cave paintings and stone tools, suggest that the region’s fertile land along the Manzanares River and its surrounding hills were ideal for early human activity. During the Bronze Age, the area saw the development of more advanced farming and trade practices, with people living in small settlements and engaging in metalworking.

The Roman Period in the Madrid Region

During the Roman Empire, the region became an important part of the Roman province of Hispania. The Romans founded the city of Matrice, which is considered the precursor to Madrid. The strategic location along the river made it an ideal spot for trade and defense. Romans constructed roads, aqueducts, and public buildings, some of which influenced the development of the area for centuries. The Roman Empire left a lasting legacy in the region, particularly in its infrastructure, which contributed to the growth of Madrid as a key urban center.

The Middle Ages and the Madrid Region

The Visigoths took control of the region after the fall of the Roman Empire, but it was the Moors, following their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century, who had the most significant impact on the early development of Madrid. The Moors established a fortress at the site of modern-day Madrid, building walls and structures that were later expanded upon. In the 11th century, the Christian Reconquista saw the area retaken by Christian forces, marking the beginning of Madrid’s rise as a prominent town. By the late Middle Ages, Madrid was established as a royal residence, thanks to its strategic position.

The Madrid Region in the Habsburg Era

In the 16th century, during the reign of King Philip II, Madrid was chosen as the capital of Spain, marking the beginning of its development into a major European city. Under the Habsburgs, Madrid became the political, cultural, and economic center of the Spanish Empire. The city saw extensive construction of palaces, churches, and public squares. The Royal Palace of Madrid and the Alcázar were built during this time, and Madrid grew rapidly, both in population and importance.

The Bourbon Dynasty and Madrid’s Growth

The 18th century saw the consolidation of Madrid’s status as the capital of Spain under the Bourbon Dynasty, particularly during the reign of Charles III. During this period, the city underwent extensive urban planning and modernization, with the construction of monumental buildings such as the Puerta de Alcalá and Royal Botanical Garden. The city also became a center of the arts and culture, with a flourishing of theater, literature, and painting, especially during the reign of Charles IV.

Madrid in the 19th Century

The 19th century was a turbulent period for Madrid, marked by political upheaval, wars, and significant social change. The Peninsular War in the early 1800s saw Madrid besieged by French forces during the Napoleonic invasions, leading to widespread destruction. Following the war, Madrid experienced periods of instability, including civil wars and the establishment of different political systems. Despite the chaos, the city continued to grow, and significant infrastructure projects were undertaken, such as the creation of Gran Vía, which transformed Madrid into a modern European capital.

Madrid in the 20th Century

The 20th century brought rapid modernization to Madrid, alongside significant social and political changes. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) left a lasting scar on the city, but following the war, under the Francoist dictatorship, Madrid became a hub for the country’s post-war recovery. In the 1970s, with the death of Francisco Franco, Spain transitioned to democracy, and Madrid played a pivotal role in the country’s modernization. During this time, the city expanded rapidly, with new districts, improved infrastructure, and increased investment in education and culture.

Contemporary Madrid

Today, Madrid is one of Europe’s most dynamic cities, known for its political, economic, and cultural significance. The region combines its rich historical heritage with a modern outlook, offering world-class museums like the Prado Museum, bustling shopping districts, and a vibrant nightlife scene. Madrid’s economy continues to thrive, with a focus on services, finance, technology, and tourism. The city is also a cultural center, with a long-standing reputation for literature, music, and art, as well as a thriving food scene that showcases traditional Spanish cuisine alongside international influences.

Best Time to Visit Madrid

Visiting Madrid in Spring

Spring (March to May) in Madrid is an excellent time to visit, with mild temperatures ranging from 15°C to 20°C during the day. Nights are cooler, with temperatures between 7°C and 12°C. This season is ideal for enjoying outdoor activities like sightseeing in the city’s parks, gardens, and historic sites, as the weather is pleasant without the intense summer heat. The city begins to bloom with flowers, making it a visually beautiful time to explore.

Visiting Madrid in Summer

Summer (June to August) in Madrid can be quite hot, with temperatures often reaching 30°C to 40°C during the day, especially in July and August. Nights remain warm, with temperatures around 18°C to 24°C. It’s the high season for tourism, with many events and festivals taking place. However, the heat can be intense, particularly in inland areas, so visitors should be prepared for the warmth, especially when exploring outdoor sites like Retiro Park or Gran Via.

Visiting Madrid in Autumn

Autumn (September to November) is one of the best times to visit Madrid, with daytime temperatures ranging from 22°C to 28°C in September, cooling to 12°C to 18°C by November. Nights become cooler, with temperatures between 8°C and 14°C by November. The mild temperatures make it a perfect time for sightseeing, outdoor festivals, and exploring the city’s vibrant neighborhoods. The fall foliage in the city’s parks adds to the beauty of the region during this season.

Visiting Madrid in Winter

Winter (December to February) in Madrid is mild compared to many other European destinations, with daytime temperatures ranging from 8°C to 15°C. Nights can be chilly, with temperatures dropping to around 2°C to 6°C. Although winter can bring some rainfall, it remains a relatively pleasant time to visit for those looking to avoid the crowds. The city’s Christmas lights, markets, and cultural events make it a charming time to explore Madrid’s indoor attractions like Prado Museum or Royal Palace.

Annual Weather Overview

January 10°C
February 14°C
March 17°C
April 23°C
May 25°C
June 31°C
July 33°C
August 30°C
September 28°C
October 24°C
November 16°C
December 12°C

How to get to Madrid

Getting to the Madrid Region by Air

The primary airport serving the Madrid region is Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport (MAD), located approximately 12 km northeast of the city center. This is Spain’s busiest airport and is well connected with international and domestic flights, offering direct access to major European, North American, and global destinations. MAD is the main point of entry for travelers heading to Madrid, with easy access to the city center and surrounding towns. The airport has a modern infrastructure, including extensive public transport links like buses and the Metro de Madrid, making it convenient for onward travel to various destinations in the region.

Getting to the Madrid Region by Train

Madrid is well-connected to the rest of Spain through its extensive railway network. Madrid’s Atocha Station is the primary train station, providing high-speed AVE services that connect Madrid to cities like Barcelona, Seville, Valencia, and Malaga. Chamartín Station also offers long-distance and regional train services to towns in the Madrid region and further afield. For those visiting nearby towns like Alcalá de Henares or Aranjuez, the train system provides a convenient and scenic way to travel. The train network is efficient, comfortable, and an excellent choice for those looking to explore the surrounding areas.

Getting to the Madrid Region by Bus

For visitors traveling to the Madrid region by bus, Estación Sur (the main bus station) offers a wide range of services connecting Madrid to other cities and towns across Spain. The Avanza and ALSA bus companies operate intercity routes to destinations like Toledo, Segovia, and Ávila. Bus travel in and around Madrid is also a cost-effective way to reach neighboring towns or explore more rural areas in the region. The city’s central bus stations provide frequent services, with many options to connect to towns within and outside the Madrid region.

Getting Around the Madrid Region by Car

The best way to explore Madrid and its surrounding areas is often by car. The region has a well-developed network of highways, including the M-30, M-40, and A-1, which connect the city to towns like Alcalá de Henares, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, and Aranjuez. Renting a car allows for flexibility and convenience, especially when visiting smaller towns or attractions outside of the city center. Madrid’s road infrastructure is modern and well-signposted, and parking is available in most areas, although it can be limited and expensive in the city center.

Getting Around the Madrid Region by Public Transport

Madrid boasts an extensive public transportation system, making it easy to get around both the city and the surrounding region. Metro de Madrid is one of the largest metro systems in Europe, providing efficient service within the city and into surrounding suburbs. For towns in the region, Cercanías commuter trains are ideal for short-distance travel, with regular services to places like Alcalá de Henares and Getafe. Additionally, the bus network in Madrid is extensive, with routes connecting the city to nearby towns. Using a Tarjeta Multi travel card provides access to all forms of public transport in the Madrid region, making it an affordable and convenient option for getting around.

Festivals in Madrid

San Isidro Festival
When: May
Where: Madrid
A celebration honoring Madrid’s patron saint, San Isidro, with parades, traditional music, dancing, and a variety of cultural events throughout the city. The festival is marked by the popular “romería,” a pilgrimage to the saint’s shrine, as well as folk performances and outdoor picnics.

Madrid Pride
When: July
Where: Madrid
One of the largest Pride celebrations in Europe, Madrid Pride includes a colorful parade, concerts, cultural events, and political activism, celebrating LGBTQ+ rights and diversity. The festival attracts thousands of visitors from around the world.

Fiesta de la Virgen de la Paloma
When: August
Where: Madrid
A traditional festival in honor of the Virgin of La Paloma, featuring street parades, flamenco dancing, and music in the La Latina district. The event is a celebration of Madrid’s cultural heritage, with locals coming together for a lively, fun-filled week of festivities.

Carnaval de Madrid
When: February
Where: Madrid
Madrid’s carnival celebrations include vibrant parades, costumes, music, and street performances. The city comes alive with festive events marking the end of winter and the beginning of spring.

Fiesta de San Antonio de la Florida
When: June
Where: Madrid
A religious festival dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua, with processions and cultural events held around the San Antonio de la Florida Hermitage. The festival features music, local traditions, and community activities.

Festival de Otoño
When: October
Where: Madrid
Madrid’s Autumn Festival is an international celebration of the performing arts, featuring theater, dance, music, and exhibitions. Artists from around the world perform in various venues across the city, making it one of Madrid’s most important cultural events.

La Paloma Festival
When: August
Where: Madrid
Held in La Latina, this festival celebrates the Virgin of La Paloma with religious processions, concerts, food markets, and a lively street atmosphere, making it one of Madrid’s most beloved annual events.

Semana Santa de Madrid
When: April
Where: Madrid
The Holy Week celebrations in Madrid include processions, religious ceremonies, and traditional events, particularly in the Centro Histórico. It’s a deeply spiritual event, with solemn processions and a rich cultural program.

Mercado de la Cebada
When: June
Where: Madrid
A traditional market event in the heart of La Latina, with local vendors, food stalls, and cultural performances. The festival celebrates Madrid’s culinary heritage, bringing together the best of local food and music.

Madrid Jazz Festival
When: November
Where: Madrid
An international jazz festival that takes place in multiple venues around the city, featuring performances from renowned jazz musicians and emerging artists. It’s a key event for music lovers, with a wide range of jazz genres on display.