Complete Guide to Lombardy (2025)

Lombardy (Lombardia) is a wealthy and bustling region in northern Italy that seamlessly blends commerce and industry with an impressive array of prime tourist destinations. Stretching over the Alps, plains, and lakes, Lombardy’s scenery is both varied and dramatic. The flat area around Milan is dotted with art cities, while the edges of the mountains offer natural splendors. Here, the Alps descend into steep valleys and lakes, creating a scenic landscape that has captivated travelers for centuries.

Milan is the regional capital of Lombardy, and the region’s other provinces include Lecco, Varese, Como, Bergamo, Sondrio, Brescia, Cremona, Mantova, Pavia, and Lodi. Lombardy’s regional cuisine boasts specialties such as risotto alla milanese, frogs (in Pavia), ossobuco alla milanese, bresaola, and polenta.

Cities of Lombardy

Milan

CC BY-SA 1.0 / https://www.pexels.com/u/ghostpresenter/

Milan holds the distinction of being either Italy’s second or, according to some, its primary city, depending on who you ask. Although Rome serves as the administrative capital, Milan stands as the nation’s financial epicentre, housing Italy’s stock exchange and positioned in the prosperous and industrious northern region.

In several aspects, Milan bears a stronger resemblance to cities like Paris or London than to other Italian counterparts. It’s a city with a business-like demeanour, embodying a work-hard, play-hard ethos. While Rome takes on the role of the political capital and the seat of government, Milan is the driving force behind Italy’s commerce, where critical deals are brokered.

Milan has always held significant importance, having been occupied by successive powers. Like many pivotal cities, it has undergone numerous reconstructions. Consequently, it may lack the medieval, informal charm characteristic of other Italian towns, causing it to be occasionally overlooked as a tourist destination.

However, in reality, Milan has much to offer to visitors. The city is vibrant and teems with attractions, making it an excellent springboard for exploring other destinations in northern Italy, such as Lake Como and the Alps. It’s an ideal location for a short city break or an extended weekend getaway, as well as a starting point for a dual-centre vacation.

Milan’s allure extends beyond designer fashion and furnishings, although these are significant draws for fashion-conscious tourists. Many of Milan’s pleasures are accessible without breaking the bank. You can sit at a café outside the magnificent Duomo and observe the well-dressed crowd, engage in some enjoyable window shopping, or explore the city’s museums and galleries housing remarkable works of art. For a simpler pleasure, ascend to the rooftop of the Duomo and relish the serenity and the panoramic view spanning from the city to the mountains. Additionally, the Brera and Navigli (canal) districts offer inviting settings for evening strolls.

This complete guide to Milan will lead you to some of the finest spots in the city, covering not only the prominent landmarks but also exploring modern and trendy districts along with some charming hidden gems. Keep in mind that completing the entire itinerary in a single day will make for a packed and bustling schedule, but it’s certainly achievable.

Top Tip for Visiting Milan: If you have a single day to spend in Milan and aim to maximize your experience, opting for a walking tour led by a local guide could be an excellent choice. This great Milan city tour, lasting approximately 3 hours, provides a comprehensive guide to the must-visit attractions!

View our Milan Guide

Where to Stay in Milan: 6 Best Areas

Walking Tour of Milan (Map and Route)

Brescia

CC BY-SA 3.0 / Luca Giarelli

Brescia, nestled in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy, is a city that balances industrial might with a rich cultural heritage. Located at the foot of the Alps and close to both Lago di Garda and Lago d’Iseo, it serves as both a vibrant urban hub and a gateway to some of northern Italy’s most scenic landscapes. While it’s often overlooked by international tourists in favor of nearby Milan or Verona, Brescia offers an authentic experience, with bustling piazzas, a well-preserved historic center, and a strong local character.

Legacies of Brescia’s past include significant Roman ruins, two cathedrals and a vast medieval castle. As a result, the town is filled with gaggles of kids on school excursions (if you’re here during term time, you’re bound to encounter them). Founded over 3,200 years ago, Brescia has been an important regional centre since pre-Roman times. Its old town contains the best-preserved Roman public buildings in northern Italy and numerous monuments, among these the medieval castle, the Old and New Cathedral, the Renaissance Piazza della Loggia, and the rationalist Piazza della Vittoria. The density of historical landmarks makes Brescia an engaging and educational destination, ideal for anyone interested in art, architecture, or archaeology.

Brescia’s location also makes it an excellent base for exploring the Lombardy region. To the northwest lies the tranquil and underrated Lago d’Iseo, a peaceful retreat with charming lakeside towns and natural beauty. Head northeast, and you’ll reach the bustling shores of Lago di Garda, Italy’s largest and most popular lake, offering everything from water sports to historic villas. Whether you’re after lakeside relaxation, alpine excursions, or urban culture, Brescia is a strategic and rewarding place to begin your northern Italian journey.

View our Brescia Guide

Self-guided Walking Tour of Brescia (with photos & a map!)

Bergamo

Bergamo is a small town in Lombardy to the east of Italy’s northern city of Milan and Lake Como. Nestled up against the southern foothills of the Bergamo Alps, the town is laid out into two tiers: the upper, older città alta, and the lower, modern città bassa. Bergamo Bassa, the city centre on the plain, seamlessly combines medieval cobbled quarters with late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century town planning. In contrast, Bergamo Alta, perched 100m above, stands as one of northern Italy’s most charming urban centres. With its labyrinthine lanes and a relaxed, lively pace of life, Bergamo Alta exudes a distinct mountainous ambiance despite its proximity to Milan. The upper town is encircled by massive Venetian Wall.

Bergamo is well connected to several cities in Italy, thanks to the motorway A4 stretching on the axis between Milan, Verona, and Venice.

TIP: If you are visiting Bergamo for just a day and want to make the most of your visit, you may want to consider taking a walking tour with a local guide. This is one of the most complete and best-rated city tours that covers the main, must-see attractions in about 2.5 hours. If you prefer exploring at your own pace read our Free Walking Tour of Bergamo (with Maps).

View our Bergamo Guide

Free Walking Tour of Bergamo (with Maps)

Como

Como, a stunning city in northern Italy, offers a perfect blend of natural beauty and historical charm. Nestled on the shores of Lake Como and surrounded by the foothills of the Alps, Como is renowned for its breathtaking scenery. The lake itself, one of the deepest in Europe, is the centerpiece, drawing visitors with its crystal-clear waters and picturesque shoreline dotted with elegant villas and lush gardens. The historic town center is equally captivating, with its narrow streets, medieval architecture, and the impressive Como Cathedral, a Gothic masterpiece that stands as a testament to the city’s rich heritage.

Beyond its scenic allure, Como is a hub of cultural and recreational activities. The city serves as a gateway to exploring the lake’s many charming villages, such as Bellagio and Varenna, which can be reached by ferry. The funicular ride to Brunate offers panoramic views of the lake and the surrounding mountains, making it a must-do for visitors. Whether you’re interested in exploring historical sites, enjoying water sports on the lake, or simply relaxing in a lakeside café, Como provides a serene yet vibrant experience that encapsulates the essence of Italian elegance and beauty.

View our Como Guide

Free Walking Tour of Como (with Route Map!)

History of Lombardy

Prehistoric Times in Lombardy

Lombardy has a rich prehistoric heritage, with evidence of early human settlement dating back to the Paleolithic period. During the Neolithic era, agricultural practices began to emerge, and the region saw the establishment of permanent settlements. By the Bronze Age, Lombardy was inhabited by various tribes, including the Celts, who left behind significant archaeological finds, such as burial sites and tools. The Iron Age saw the development of more complex societies, particularly along the Po River.

Lombardy in the Roman Period

Lombardy became an integral part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BCE, after the Romans defeated the local Celtic tribes. The Romans established major cities such as Mediolanum (modern-day Milan), which became an important center of commerce, politics, and culture. During Roman rule, the region flourished with the construction of roads, aqueducts, and urban planning. Lombardy became one of the Empire’s most prosperous areas, benefiting from its fertile land and strategic location. The Romans also introduced new agricultural techniques and urban amenities to the region.

Lombardy in the Middle Ages

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Lombardy came under the control of various barbarian tribes, including the Ostrogoths and the Lombards, who gave the region its name. In the 8th century, Lombardy became part of the Holy Roman Empire, with the Lombard Kingdom playing an important role in early medieval Europe. Throughout the Middle Ages, Lombardy was divided into several powerful city-states, including Milan, which emerged as a dominant force in both politics and culture. During this time, the region saw the construction of important churches, castles, and fortifications, many of which are still standing today.

Lombardy in the Renaissance Period

The Renaissance (14th to 17th century) brought a period of significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual development to Lombardy. Milan became one of the most important cities of the Renaissance, thanks to the patronage of the Sforza family. The region attracted famous artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, who created his iconic painting, The Last Supper, for the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The influence of the Renaissance extended throughout the region, with advancements in architecture, art, and humanist philosophy. The period also saw the rise of prominent universities and cultural institutions in cities like Pavia and Bergamo.

Lombardy in the Early Modern Period

In the early modern period, Lombardy came under the control of various foreign powers, including the Spanish, the Austrians, and the French. The Spanish Habsburgs ruled the region for much of the 16th and 17th centuries, and during this time, Lombardy experienced both economic growth and cultural exchange. The region’s position as a major economic hub in northern Italy led to the development of new industries, including silk production and banking. Milan continued to thrive, and in the late 18th century, it became an important center of Enlightenment thought. The Austrians took control of Lombardy in the 18th century, and the region became an important part of the Austrian Empire.

Lombardy in the 19th Century

The 19th century was a time of significant political change for Lombardy. The region played a pivotal role in the Italian unification movement, known as the Risorgimento. In 1859, Lombardy was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia and became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Italy. The unification brought industrialization and modernization to the region, particularly in cities like Milan, which became a major center for manufacturing, finance, and trade. The industrial revolution brought significant economic growth to Lombardy, and the region became one of the leading economic powers in Italy.

Lombardy in the 20th Century

Lombardy continued to be a key economic and industrial hub throughout the 20th century. Milan emerged as a global center for finance, fashion, and design, while the surrounding cities like Brescia, Monza, and Como developed thriving industries, including textiles, engineering, and machinery. During World War II, Lombardy was heavily bombed, particularly Milan, which was a key industrial and cultural center. After the war, Lombardy experienced rapid economic growth during the economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, leading to urbanization and the expansion of infrastructure.

Contemporary Lombardy

Today, Lombardy is Italy’s most economically developed region, with Milan being the country’s financial capital and one of the world’s leading fashion and design centers. The region is home to a diverse economy, with strong industries in finance, manufacturing, technology, and agriculture. Lombardy’s cultural heritage continues to be a major draw for tourists, with landmarks like the Duomo di Milano, Sforza Castle, and the Last Supper attracting millions of visitors each year. The region also remains a center for innovation, education, and business, making it one of the most dynamic and influential regions in Italy.

Best Time to Visit Lombardy

Visiting Lombardy in Spring

Spring (March to May) in Lombardy is a great time to visit, with temperatures ranging from 12°C to 16°C in March and gradually warming up to 18°C to 22°C by May. Nights can be cooler, with temperatures ranging from 6°C to 9°C in March and 10°C to 14°C by May. This season offers mild weather, making it ideal for exploring the cities like Milan, Bergamo, and Pavia, as well as enjoying the beautiful countryside, lakes, and vineyards.

Visiting Lombardy in Summer

Summer (June to August) in Lombardy can be hot, especially inland. Daytime temperatures range from 28°C to 35°C, particularly in cities like Milan and Brescia, with some areas experiencing temperatures exceeding 35°C during peak summer. Nights remain warm, with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 24°C. Coastal areas like Lake Como and Lake Garda benefit from cooler breezes, with temperatures ranging from 26°C to 30°C. Summer is great for outdoor activities around the lakes and enjoying the festivals, but be prepared for heat in the cities.

Visiting Lombardy in Autumn

Autumn (September to November) is one of the best times to visit Lombardy, with temperatures ranging from 22°C to 26°C in September and cooling to 12°C to 15°C by November. Nights become cooler, with temperatures between 7°C and 11°C by November. The fall season brings beautiful foliage to the countryside, especially in the vineyards, making it a perfect time for wine lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. The weather is ideal for exploring the region’s towns and nature reserves without the summer crowds.

Visiting Lombardy in Winter

Winter (December to February) in Lombardy is cold, particularly inland. Daytime temperatures range from 5°C to 10°C, while nighttime temperatures can drop to 0°C to 3°C. Milan and other major cities experience milder conditions, but the northern areas near the Alps can get much colder, with temperatures often dropping below freezing. Lake Como and Lake Garda remain cooler but more temperate compared to the mountains. Winter is ideal for those who enjoy skiing in the Alps or prefer a quieter city experience during the low tourist season.

Annual Weather Overview

January 7°C
February 10°C
March 14°C
April 17°C
May 22°C
June 27°C
July 31°C
August 28°C
September 23°C
October 19°C
November 12°C
December 7°C

How to get to Lombardy

Getting to Lombardy by Air

Lombardy is served by several international airports, with Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP) being the primary gateway to the region. Located about 50 km from Milan, it is the largest airport in Lombardy and offers a wide range of international and domestic flights. Milan Linate Airport (LIN) is another important airport, situated about 7 km from the city center of Milan. Linate primarily serves European and domestic flights, making it a convenient option for travelers heading to Milan or nearby towns. Additionally, Orio al Serio International Airport (BGY), near Bergamo, serves as a key hub for low-cost airlines and provides connections to many European destinations.

Getting to Lombardy by Train

Lombardy is well-connected by rail, with Milan being the main train hub. Milan Centrale is the region’s central railway station, offering high-speed and regional train services to major cities like Rome, Venice, and Turin, as well as to other parts of Lombardy. Bergamo, Brescia, Pavia, and Monza are also well-served by regional and intercity trains, providing easy connections to Milan and the surrounding areas. High-speed trains such as Frecciarossa and Italo connect Milan with other major Italian cities, making train travel a convenient way to explore Lombardy.

Getting to Lombardy by Bus

Bus services are widely available across Lombardy, offering connections from other parts of Italy and Europe. Milan has several bus stations, including Lampugnano Bus Station and Milano Centrale Bus Station, providing services to cities like Venice, Florence, and Turin. Local buses also operate within Lombardy, providing access to smaller towns such as Brescia, Como, and Varese, making buses an affordable and efficient option for traveling within the region.

Getting to Lombardy by Car

Driving is an excellent way to explore Lombardy, particularly if you wish to visit smaller towns and scenic areas. The region is well-connected by highways, including the A4 motorway, which links Milan to Venice and Turin, passing through cities like Brescia and Verona. The A1 connects Milan to Bologna, while the A8 and A9 motorways provide access to Como and Varese in the northern part of the region. Renting a car allows flexibility to explore Lombardy’s beautiful countryside, lakes such as Lake Como and Lake Garda, and picturesque towns like Cremona and Lecco.

Festivals in Lombardy

Oh Bej! Oh Bej!
When: December
Where: Milan
A traditional Christmas fair celebrating the feast day of Milan’s patron saint, St. Ambrose, featuring stalls with sweets, decorations, and local crafts.

Carnival of Milan (Ambrosian Carnival)
When: February
Where: Milan
A historic carnival celebrated with parades, masquerades, and various festivities, extending the carnival season by four days beyond Shrove Tuesday.

Palio di Legnano
When: May
Where: Legnano
A traditional horse race accompanied by a medieval pageant, commemorating the historic Battle of Legnano.

Rugby Sound Festival
When: June-July
Where: Legnano
An annual music festival featuring a variety of musical genres, attracting both local and international artists.

Festival of San Giovanni
When: June
Where: Ossuccio (Lake Como)
A lakeside festival featuring illuminated boats, fireworks, and traditional celebrations in honor of St. John the Baptist.

Tortelli & Tortelli Festival
When: August
Where: Crema
A culinary festival dedicated to the traditional Crema tortello, offering various fillings and cooking styles over six days of festivities.

Giubiana
When: January
Where: Brianza region
A traditional celebration marking the end of winter, featuring bonfires and the burning of an effigy, accompanied by processions and local festivities.

PhotoVogue Festival
When: March
Where: Milan
An annual photography festival focusing on contemporary photography, with exhibitions, talks, and workshops by international photographers.

Festival of Casoncello
When: September
Where: Cologno al Serio
A gastronomic event celebrating the traditional Lombard dish, casoncello, with tastings, cooking demonstrations, and cultural activities.

Mostarda Festival
When: November
Where: Cremona
A culinary festival dedicated to mostarda, a traditional Lombard condiment made from candied fruit and mustard oil, featuring tastings and cooking demonstrations.