Complete Guide to Aragon (2025)

Landlocked Aragon, where the people speak Spanish, is a sparsely populated province that is primarily rural, with agriculture thriving wherever possible. In its dry, hilly areas, economic activity is limited to grazing and, where accessible, forestry. The northern part of Aragon is dominated by the Pyrenees mountains, which are fairly dry and arid on this southern side. Narrow valleys with rocky gorges characterize this region. South of the Pyrenees, the wide Ebro Valley around Zaragoza is a fertile agricultural area. In the southeast, between the fertile agricultural plains and the coast, lies a dry, hilly region of Mediterranean pine forest and olive groves.

This part of Spain is rich in history and culture, particularly visible in the Moorish and Mozarabic heritage of Zaragoza, the Mudejar heritage of Teruel, and ancient castles such as the Romanesque fortress at Loarre.

Cities of Aragon

Zaragoza

Zaragoza is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It is situated by the Ebro River and its tributaries, the Huerva and the Gállego, roughly at the center of both Aragon and the Ebro basin. As of January 1, 2019, the population of Zaragoza was 706,904 within its administrative limits on a land area of 1,062.64 square kilometers, making it the fifth-largest city in Spain. It ranks as the 32nd most populous municipality in the European Union. The population of the metropolitan area was estimated at 783,763 inhabitants in 2006. The municipality is home to more than 50 percent of the Aragonese population.

The city lies at an elevation of 199 meters above sea level. Zaragoza hosted Expo 2008, a world’s fair focused on water and sustainable development, and was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2012.

Zaragoza is famous for its folklore, local gastronomy, and landmarks such as the Basílica del Pilar, La Seo Cathedral, and the Aljafería Palace. Together with La Seo and the Aljafería, several other buildings form part of the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Fiestas del Pilar are among the most celebrated festivals in Spain.

View our Zaragoza Guide

History of Aragon

Prehistoric Times in Aragon

The Aragon region has a rich prehistoric history, with evidence of human presence dating back to the Paleolithic period. Archaeological sites, such as Cueva de Chaves and Cueva del Águila, show early human activity, with rock art and tools from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. The region’s natural landscapes, including caves and rivers, provided ideal locations for early settlements. During the Bronze Age, the development of fortified hilltop settlements, known as castros, marked the rise of more complex societies in the area.

The Roman Period in Aragon

The region of Aragon was part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis, which was established after Rome’s conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the 1st century BCE. The Romans built roads, bridges, and towns in the region, and many of these Roman settlements, such as Caesaraugusta (modern-day Zaragoza), flourished. Caesaraugusta became an important administrative and trade center. The region also became known for its agriculture, especially the cultivation of olive trees and vineyards, which would later play a key role in Aragon’s economy.

Roman influence can still be seen in the region’s architectural remains, such as the Roman theater and forum in Zaragoza, as well as the Via Augusta, a major Roman road that passed through the region connecting Tarragona to the south of Spain with the northern parts of the empire.

The Visigothic and Moorish Periods

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Aragon became part of the Visigothic Kingdom in the 5th century. The Visigoths ruled the Iberian Peninsula for several centuries, and during this time, the region became an important center for early Christian activity. Following the Visigothic period, Aragon fell under Muslim control in the early 8th century, as the Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula.

For several centuries, the region was part of the Al-Andalus territory under Muslim rule. During this time, Aragon was strategically important as a border region between Christian kingdoms and Muslim territories. The Reconquista, the Christian effort to reclaim territory from the Muslims, began in the 8th century and continued for several hundred years.

The Kingdom of Aragon and the Middle Ages

In the 9th century, the Kingdom of Aragon emerged as a Christian kingdom during the Reconquista. The kingdom was established in 1035, when Ramiro I became the first King of Aragon. Over the following centuries, Aragon expanded its territories, incorporating parts of Navarre, Catalonia, and even parts of Italy and France.

In the 12th century, Aragon entered into a dynastic union with the County of Barcelona, creating the Crown of Aragon. This made the kingdom one of the most powerful maritime and military forces in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. The Crown of Aragon played a significant role in the Reconquista and the expansion of Christian kingdoms into Muslim-held territories.

Zaragoza, the capital of Aragon, flourished during this period, becoming an important cultural and commercial hub. The construction of monumental buildings, such as the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar and the Aljafería Palace, marks this era.

The Early Modern Period in Aragon

The 16th century saw a decline in the political influence of the Kingdom of Aragon as the Crown of Aragon was incorporated into the Spanish Empire under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy. The union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in 1469, through the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, led to the eventual dominance of Castilian political and cultural influence.

Despite this, Aragon retained some degree of autonomy, particularly in its legal and administrative systems, known as the Fueros, which provided the region with distinct rights and privileges. However, the centralization of the Spanish monarchy in the 16th century diminished Aragon’s political power.

The 18th and 19th Centuries in Aragon

The 18th century was marked by significant change for Aragon as Spain underwent the reforms of the Bourbon dynasty. The War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) ended with the defeat of the Habsburg monarchy, leading to the consolidation of Spain under the Bourbons. As part of this process, Aragon’s Fueros were significantly weakened, and the region lost much of its historic autonomy.

The 19th century saw the rise of industrialization in Aragon, particularly in Zaragoza, which developed as an important center for textiles and manufacturing. The region was also affected by the Peninsular War (1808–1814) and the subsequent political upheaval in Spain. The region experienced economic challenges and social unrest as Spain transitioned into a modern nation-state.

20th Century and Modern Aragon

The 20th century in Aragon was marked by political turmoil and social changes, particularly during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Aragon was a major battlefield during the war, with towns like Huesca and Teruel seeing heavy fighting between Republican and Nationalist forces. The region also suffered from the authoritarian rule of Francisco Franco and the suppression of regional languages and identities.

After Franco’s death, Aragon was granted autonomy as part of Spain’s transition to democracy. The region’s modern political structure was formalized with the creation of the Autonomous Community of Aragon in 1982. This period also saw economic recovery and the development of the region’s agricultural and tourism industries.

Today, Aragon is known for its diverse landscapes, from the Pyrenees mountains to the Ebro River valley, as well as its rich cultural heritage, including its festivals, history, and local traditions. The region continues to thrive as a vibrant part of Spain, blending its historical roots with modern development.

Best Time to Visit Aragon

Visiting Aragon in Spring

Spring (March to May) in Aragon is a wonderful time to visit, with daytime temperatures ranging from 12°C to 20°C in March and warming to 18°C to 24°C by May. Nights are cooler, with temperatures ranging from 5°C to 10°C in March and rising to 10°C to 15°C by May. This season offers mild and pleasant weather, ideal for exploring the region’s natural beauty, historic cities, and cultural festivals. The blooming landscapes, especially in rural areas, make it a picturesque time to visit.

Visiting Aragon in Summer

Summer (June to August) in Aragon brings hot temperatures, with daytime highs ranging from 28°C to 35°C, particularly in the Ebro River valley and inland areas like Zaragoza and Teruel. In some areas, temperatures can rise above 38°C during heatwaves, while nights remain warm, with temperatures ranging from 18°C to 24°C. Summer is the peak tourist season, especially in cities like Zaragoza, where festivals like Fiesta del Pilar take place, but be prepared for the heat if visiting the lower-lying areas.

Visiting Aragon in Autumn

Autumn (September to November) is one of the best times to visit Aragon, with daytime temperatures ranging from 18°C to 26°C in September, cooling to 10°C to 18°C by November. Nights become cooler, with temperatures ranging from 12°C to 16°C in September and 5°C to 10°C by November. The region’s vineyards are in full harvest, making it an ideal time to experience wine festivals and enjoy the beautiful autumn colors in areas like the Pyrenees and Somontano.

Visiting Aragon in Winter

Winter (December to February) in Aragon is cold, with daytime temperatures averaging between 5°C and 10°C, and nights dropping to around 0°C to 5°C. Snow is common in higher-altitude areas like the Pyrenees and Teruel, making it a good time for winter sports. While it’s the low season for many tourist activities, visiting cities like Zaragoza during the quieter months offers a chance to enjoy cultural sites and cozy atmospheres, especially during festivals like Semana Santa.

Annual Weather Overview

January 12°C
February 14°C
March 19°C
April 22°C
May 27°C
June 30°C
July 31°C
August 31°C
September 27°C
October 24°C
November 16°C
December 12°C

How to get to Aragon

Getting to the Aragon Region by Air

The Aragon region is accessible by several airports that serve both domestic and international flights, although most international travelers may first fly into nearby major cities like Madrid or Barcelona.

Zaragoza Airport (ZAZ) is the main international airport in Aragon, located about 10 km from the center of Zaragoza. It offers both domestic and limited international flights, with connections primarily to major Spanish cities like Madrid, Barcelona, and Seville. It’s the most convenient airport for reaching Zaragoza and the surrounding areas.

Huesca-Pirineos Airport (HSK), located around 9 km from Huesca, offers limited seasonal flights, particularly catering to the ski tourism market during winter. While smaller, it is an alternative for those looking to access the Pyrenees or the northern part of Aragon.

Teruel Airport (TEJ), although less frequently used, serves the Teruel area and has seasonal connections. It’s an option for visitors traveling to the more rural and mountainous areas of the region.

Getting Around the Aragon Region by Train

The Aragon region is well-served by Renfe, Spain’s national railway company, which operates both high-speed and regional train services.

Zaragoza serves as the main railway hub in Aragon, with the Zaragoza Delicias Railway Station offering high-speed AVE trains that connect the city to major Spanish cities, including Madrid (which is about 1.5 hours away by train) and Barcelona (about 1.5 to 2 hours by train). Zaragoza also has regional trains connecting it to nearby towns and cities like Huesca, Teruel, and Calatayud.

Huesca and Teruel also have rail connections, with the Huesca Railway Station offering regional services to Zaragoza and Canfranc, and Teruel Railway Station serving regional lines to Valencia and Zaragoza. While regional trains are slower, they are an affordable and scenic option for travel within the region.

Getting Around the Aragon Region by Bus

Buses are a common mode of transportation for reaching towns and villages that may not be directly accessible by train. The main bus station in Zaragoza is Estación de Autobuses de Zaragoza, which offers regular connections to cities like Huesca, Teruel, and Calatayud, as well as smaller towns in Aragon and neighboring regions.

In Huesca, the Huesca Bus Station offers services to Zaragoza, Jaca, and other smaller towns, particularly those near the Pyrenees. Teruel’s bus station also serves the regional routes, including services to Valencia, Madrid, and Barcelona.

Getting Around the Aragon Region by Car

Renting a car is highly recommended for exploring Aragon, especially if you want to visit rural towns or the mountainous Pyrenees region. The region is well-connected by highways, and driving allows you to visit places that are harder to reach by public transport.

Major roads like the A-2 and A-23 connect Zaragoza to Madrid and Valencia, making it easy to travel between cities. Driving between Zaragoza, Huesca, and Teruel takes about 1.5 to 2 hours, and having a car provides the flexibility to explore scenic spots like Albarracín or the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park.

Getting Around the Aragon Region by Public Transport

In addition to trains and buses, Zaragoza offers a public transport system, including buses and a tram network. The Zaragoza Tram is a convenient way to travel around the city, with stops at key locations such as the Expo 2008 area, La Aljafería Palace, and the Pilar Basilica.

In Huesca and Teruel, local bus services provide access to the city center and nearby attractions. However, public transportation in rural areas can be sparse, so renting a car is a more practical option for those exploring smaller towns or the mountainous landscapes of Aragon.

Festivals in Aragon

Fiesta del Pilar
When: October
Where: Zaragoza
The Fiesta del Pilar is one of Zaragoza’s most significant celebrations, honoring the city’s patron saint, Our Lady of the Pillar. The event features a vibrant mix of parades, fireworks, concerts, and religious processions, attracting visitors from across Spain and beyond.

Feria de la Candelaria
When: February
Where: Teruel
The Feria de la Candelaria in Teruel is a traditional festival celebrating the Virgin of Candelaria. The event features religious processions, local music, and dances, highlighting the region’s customs and spirituality.

Fiestas del Fuego
When: August
Where: Huesca
A spectacular celebration in Huesca that revolves around fire, with processions, firework displays, and bonfires. The festival honors local traditions and the importance of fire in the region’s culture, marking a lively and energetic celebration.

Fiesta de la Vaquilla del Ángel
When: July
Where: Teruel
A lively festival in Teruel, known for its running of the bulls and various traditional events, including bullfights, parades, and street parties. It is a deep-rooted tradition and one of the major celebrations in the region.

Semana Santa de Zaragoza
When: April
Where: Zaragoza
The Semana Santa (Holy Week) in Zaragoza is a deeply religious event marked by impressive processions, religious statues, and passionate performances. It is one of the most important religious celebrations in the region.

Feria de la Ternasco
When: May
Where: Zaragoza
A gastronomic event in Zaragoza that celebrates the region’s lamb dishes, particularly ternasco (a local lamb meat). The festival offers a chance to taste traditional dishes, enjoy cooking demonstrations, and learn about the region’s agricultural products.

Festival Internacional de Cine de Zaragoza
When: November
Where: Zaragoza
An international film festival in Zaragoza, showcasing films from various countries. It highlights artistic achievements in cinema and attracts filmmakers, industry professionals, and cinema enthusiasts from all over the world.

Fiesta de San Jorge
When: April
Where: Huesca
This festival in Huesca celebrates San Jorge (Saint George), the region’s patron saint. It is marked by cultural events, parades, and performances, focusing on the local traditions of this historic town.

Festival de las Culturas del Mundo
When: July
Where: Zaragoza
A vibrant cultural festival in Zaragoza that celebrates the diverse cultures of the world through music, dance, and culinary offerings. The festival creates a space for cultural exchange, bringing together international performers and artists.

Fiesta del Monasterio de Piedra
When: September
Where: Nuévalos
A religious and cultural festival held near the Monasterio de Piedra in Nuévalos. The festival includes medieval reenactments, concerts, and religious celebrations, reflecting the history of the region and the monastery.