Complete Guide to Northern Ireland (2025)

Encompassing the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone, this region is renowned not only for its stunning landscapes but also for its culturally and historically rich cities, including Derry and Belfast. Once marked by conflict, Northern Ireland is experiencing a renaissance.

Belfast honours its complex past without being defined by it. Belfast’s streets are adorned with political murals commemorating those lost during “the troubles”—the prolonged conflict between different religious and political factions. One of the city’s most captivating experiences is a black-taxi tour, where drivers who witnessed the historical strife serve as guides through the neighborhoods impacted by decades of violence, from the 1960s to the 1990s ceasefire.

Beyond its historical narrative, Belfast boasts a vibrant entertainment scene. Peace over the past two decades has fostered a flourishing cultural hub, featuring live music venues, historic pubs like Kelly’s Cellars and the Crown Liquor Saloon, and an innovative dining scene that serves both modern and traditional Irish fare. Maritime enthusiasts will find the Titanic Belfast particularly compelling, located at the very shipyard where the ill-fated ship was built.

However, Northern Ireland’s allure extends beyond Belfast. The north coast’s County Antrim is home to the UNESCO-listed Giant’s Causeway, famous for its roughly 40,000 interlocking basalt columns that create an almost surreal landscape. Nearby, the historic city of Derry, known for its significant stone walls dating back to 1610, offers a glimpse into the past. Further south, the Mourne Mountains beckon hikers with their scenic trails and status as the highest peaks in Northern Ireland.

Cities of Northern Ireland

Belfast

For over a century, Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, has been a focal point of political strife. This began with conflicts between Crown-loyal Protestants and Irish Catholics, and more recently between the United Kingdom and the European Union.

Situated on the banks of the River Lagan where it meets the Irish Sea, the city derives its name from the Irish phrase “Beal Feirste,” meaning “Mouth of the Sand-bank Ford.”

Belfast was established as a town in 1613, initially settled by English and Manx Anglicans. Later, Scottish Presbyterians and French Huguenot refugees joined them, introducing linen production, an industry that expanded Belfast’s trade to the Americas.

In the 19th century, Belfast transformed rapidly from a market town into a major industrial port, achieving city status granted by Queen Victoria in 1888. The city’s growth was fueled by an influx of cheap Catholic labor from rural areas, which attracted English and Scottish settlers. While their investment was welcomed, the wealthy Protestant newcomers exacerbated sectarian tensions, leading to deadly riots between Catholic and Protestant populations in 1864 and 1886.

During the partition of Ireland in 1920–21, Belfast experienced significant violence. The city also suffered greatly during the more recent conflict known as the Troubles, from the late 1960s to 1998. Despite being heavily bombed during World War II and enduring various episodes of sectarian conflict, Belfast has preserved much of its historical heritage.

View our Belfast Guide

History of Northern Ireland

Prehistoric Times in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland has been inhabited since Mesolithic times, with evidence of early hunter-gatherers dating back to around 8,000 BCE. Neolithic farming communities followed, leaving behind remarkable monuments such as dolmens, passage tombs, and stone circles. Sites like Beaghmore and Navan Fort suggest ritualistic and social activity, while the discovery of stone tools and pottery indicates evolving settlement patterns across the region.

Northern Ireland in the Celtic and Early Christian Periods

During the Iron Age, Celtic tribes settled in Northern Ireland, bringing language, mythologies, and tribal structures. The area became part of ancient kingdoms like Ulidia and Ulaid. In the 5th century, Christianity began to spread with the arrival of Saint Patrick and other missionaries. Monastic centers such as Armagh and Bangor emerged, playing key roles in religious life, learning, and cultural preservation during the early medieval period.

Northern Ireland in the Viking and Norman Eras

From the 8th century onward, Norse raiders made incursions along the coast of Northern Ireland, eventually establishing small settlements and trading posts. By the 12th century, the Normans began their expansion into Ulster. Norman castles, motte-and-bailey structures, and ecclesiastical buildings were established, especially around counties Down and Antrim, bringing new political dynamics and architectural styles to the region.

Northern Ireland in the Gaelic and Tudor Periods

Throughout the late medieval period, native Gaelic lords retained strong control over much of Northern Ireland, particularly the powerful O’Neill and O’Donnell dynasties. English influence was minimal until the Tudor conquest in the 16th century. This period saw intensified conflict, including resistance from local chieftains and the eventual collapse of the Gaelic order after the Nine Years’ War, culminating in the Flight of the Earls in 1607.

Northern Ireland in the Plantation and Jacobite Eras

Following the Flight of the Earls, the English Crown initiated the Plantation of Ulster in the early 17th century. Land was confiscated from Gaelic Irish lords and granted to settlers from England and Scotland. This drastically altered the region’s cultural and demographic landscape. Tensions between Catholic and Protestant communities grew during this period and continued through the Jacobite conflicts of the late 17th century, particularly the Siege of Derry and the Battle of the Boyne.

Northern Ireland in the 18th and 19th Centuries

The 18th century was marked by further economic development and political tension. The linen industry flourished, especially in counties Antrim and Down. However, sectarian divisions deepened, leading to unrest such as the 1798 United Irishmen Rebellion. The Act of Union in 1801 merged the Irish and British parliaments, with Belfast becoming a major industrial center in the 19th century, particularly in shipbuilding, culminating in the launch of RMS Titanic in 1912.

Northern Ireland in the 20th Century

In the early 20th century, debates over Home Rule and national identity intensified. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 led to the partition of Ireland and the creation of Northern Ireland as a separate entity within the United Kingdom. The region experienced relative stability until the late 1960s, when The Troubles erupted—a violent conflict rooted in civil rights, national identity, and constitutional status. The Good Friday Agreement in 1998 marked a major peace milestone, establishing power-sharing institutions and a new era of cooperation.

Contemporary Northern Ireland

Since the peace process, Northern Ireland has experienced significant political, economic, and social change. Cities like Belfast and Derry have undergone revitalization, tourism has grown, and cultural life has flourished. While political challenges remain, the region continues to build on its complex history with a focus on reconciliation, shared heritage, and community development.

Best Time to Visit Northern Ireland

Visiting Northern Ireland in Spring

Spring (March to May) in Northern Ireland is fresh and gradually warming, with daytime temperatures starting around 9°C in March and rising to 15°C by May. Nights remain cool, averaging 3°C to 7°C. Rainfall is moderate, and the countryside begins to bloom with wildflowers and green pastures. Towns like Armagh, Enniskillen, and Derry~Londonderry offer scenic landscapes and quieter attractions during this season.

Visiting Northern Ireland in Summer

Summer (June to August) is the warmest and sunniest period in Northern Ireland. Daytime highs typically range from 17°C to 22°C, occasionally reaching 25°C. Evenings remain mild at 12°C to 15°C. This is festival season, with long daylight hours and lively events in places like Belfast, Bangor, and Limavady. Coastal towns along the Causeway Coast and Strangford Lough are especially popular for outdoor activities.

Visiting Northern Ireland in Autumn

Autumn (September to November) sees temperatures gradually decline from around 16°C in early September to 9°C by November. Nighttime temperatures drop to 4°C to 7°C. The landscape is rich with autumnal colours, especially around Fermanagh’s lakes, Mourne Mountains, and forested areas near Cookstown. Rainfall increases, but conditions remain good for walking trails and seasonal events.

Visiting Northern Ireland in Winter

Winter (December to February) is cool and damp, with daytime temperatures ranging from 5°C to 8°C and nighttime lows of 1°C to 3°C. Snow is infrequent but possible, particularly in upland areas like the Sperrin Mountains. While days are short, towns such as Belfast and Derry~Londonderry host festive markets and light displays, and indoor attractions remain open across the region.

Annual Weather Overview

January 6°C
February 8°C
March 9°C
April 13°C
May 14°C
June 18°C
July 18°C
August 17°C
September 15°C
October 11°C
November 9°C
December 7°C

How to get to Northern Ireland

Getting to Northern Ireland by Air

Northern Ireland is served by three main airports. Belfast International Airport (BFS) is the largest and handles a wide range of domestic and international flights, including services from major UK and European cities. It is located around 30 km from Belfast city centre, with easy access to Antrim, Lisburn, and other nearby towns. George Best Belfast City Airport (BHD) is closer to central Belfast and offers frequent flights to cities such as London, Manchester, and Glasgow. City of Derry Airport (LDY) provides regional flights and is convenient for travellers heading to Derry~Londonderry, Coleraine, and Limavady.

Getting to Northern Ireland by Ferry

Ferry services connect Northern Ireland with ports in Great Britain. Belfast Port offers sailings from Cairnryan and Liverpool, operated by major ferry companies with vehicle and foot passenger options. Larne Port, located northeast of Belfast, also provides regular services from Cairnryan. These routes are popular for those travelling with cars or motorhomes and provide access to towns such as Larne, Carrickfergus, and Ballymena.

Getting to Northern Ireland by Train

Although there is no direct international train service into Northern Ireland, rail travel within the region is well developed. Travellers can reach Belfast via train from Dublin on the Enterprise service, which stops in towns like Newry, Portadown, and Lisburn. Once in Northern Ireland, regional trains connect Belfast with Derry~Londonderry, Bangor, Larne, and Portrush, offering scenic and convenient travel across the province.

Getting to Northern Ireland by Car

Driving to Northern Ireland is straightforward from the Republic of Ireland via a well-maintained road network. Major routes such as the M1 from Dublin to Belfast, the A1/N1 corridor, and other national roads link the border with key towns including Newry, Armagh, and Enniskillen. Car rental services are widely available in both Northern Ireland and the Republic, and road signage is consistent and easy to follow.

Festivals in Northern Ireland

Belfast International Arts Festival
When: October
Where: Belfast
A premier event showcasing international and local artists across various disciplines, including theatre, dance, music, and visual arts.
More info: https://belfastinternationalartsfestival.com/

Belfast Film Festival
When: November
Where: Belfast
An annual celebration of cinema featuring local and international films, documentaries, and special screenings in various venues across the city.
More info: https://belfastfilmfestival.org/

Belfast TradFest
When: July
Where: Belfast
A vibrant festival celebrating traditional Irish music and dance, featuring concerts, workshops, and sessions with renowned artists.
More info: https://belfasttraditionalmusic.com/

City of Derry Jazz and Big Band Festival
When: May
Where: Derry~Londonderry
A lively festival featuring jazz and big band performances from local and international artists, with events held throughout the city.
More info: https://cityofderryjazzfestival.com/

Stendhal Festival
When: August
Where: Limavady
An award-winning music and arts festival offering a diverse lineup of music, comedy, poetry, and family-friendly activities in a scenic setting.
More info: https://stendhalfestival.com/

Foyle Film Festival
When: November
Where: Derry~Londonderry
An annual film festival showcasing a diverse range of films, including international cinema, documentaries, and shorts, along with industry workshops.
More info: https://foylefilmfestival.org/

Ballyclare May Fair
When: May
Where: Ballyclare
A traditional fair featuring horse trading, family entertainment, markets, and cultural events, celebrating the town’s heritage.
More info: https://discovernorthernireland.com/whats-on/ballyclare-may-fair-p761321

Belfast Christmas Market
When: November to December
Where: Belfast
A festive market offering a variety of international food, crafts, and gifts, set in the grounds of Belfast City Hall with a lively holiday atmosphere.
More info: https://visitbelfast.com/whats-on/belfast-christmas-market/

Armagh Food and Cider Festival
When: September
Where: Armagh
A celebration of the region’s rich orchard heritage, featuring food tours, tastings, workshops, and family-friendly events.
More info: https://visitarmagh.com/festivals/food-cider/

EastSide Arts Festival
When: August
Where: Belfast
A community-focused festival showcasing local talent in music, theatre, literature, and visual arts, with events held across East Belfast.
More info: https://www.eastsidearts.net/

Open House Festival
When: August
Where: Bangor
A month-long festival featuring a diverse program of music, film, theatre, and food events, set in various venues around the coastal town.
More info: https://openhousefestival.com/

Sunflowerfest
When: July
Where: Hillsborough
A three-day festival offering a mix of music, arts, and wellness activities, with a focus on sustainability and community spirit.
More info: https://www.sunflowerfest.co.uk/

Belfast Mela
When: August
Where: Belfast
Northern Ireland’s largest celebration of cultural diversity, featuring music, dance, food, and arts from around the world.
More info: https://belfastmela.org.uk/

Fiddler’s Green Festival
When: July
Where: Rostrevor
A renowned folk music festival offering concerts, workshops, and sessions, set against the scenic backdrop of the Mourne Mountains.
More info: https://fiddlersgreenfestival.co.uk/

Portstewart Red Sails Festival
When: July
Where: Portstewart
A family-friendly festival featuring live music, street entertainment, fireworks, and community events along the scenic Causeway Coast.
More info: https://www.redsails.co.uk/

Lughnasa FrielFest
When: August
Where: Various locations in County Donegal and Derry~Londonderry
A festival celebrating the work of playwright Brian Friel, featuring theatre performances, talks, and cultural events.
More info: https://www.artsoverborders.com/frielfest

Atlantic Sessions
When: November
Where: Portrush and Portstewart
A music festival showcasing Northern Ireland’s finest musicians in intimate venues along the stunning Causeway Coast.
More info: https://atlanticsessions.com/

Happy Days Enniskillen International Beckett Festival
When: July
Where: Enniskillen
A unique festival dedicated to the works of Samuel Beckett, featuring performances, talks, and exhibitions in various venues.
More info: https://www.artsoverborders.com/happy-days

Carnival of Colours
When: September
Where: Derry~Londonderry
A vibrant street arts festival featuring circus performances, live music, workshops, and family-friendly activities.
More info: https://www.inyourspaceni.org/carnival-of-colours

Bluegrass Omagh Festival
When: May
Where: Omagh
An annual festival celebrating bluegrass music with performances from international and local artists, held at the Ulster American Folk Park.
More info: https://www.nmni.com/whats-on/bluegrass-omagh