Complete Guide to Northern Netherlands (2025)

The Northern Netherlands is a region known for its sweeping landscapes, rich traditions, and a quieter, more rural character compared to the country’s urbanized west. It encompasses the provinces of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe—each with its own distinct cultural identity. Wide skies, historic farmhouses, and peaceful waterways define the scenery, making it ideal for travelers seeking a slower pace and authentic Dutch charm. The region is also known for its strong preservation of local languages and customs, particularly in Friesland, where Frisian is spoken alongside Dutch.
The area offers a compelling mix of natural and historical attractions. You’ll find ancient dolmens in Drenthe, medieval towns like Dokkum and Appingedam, and vibrant cities such as Groningen, which blends youthful energy with historical architecture. Cycling and walking are popular ways to explore the flat terrain, with scenic routes winding through fields, forests, and along canals. The Northern Netherlands also boasts impressive nature reserves, such as the Drents-Friese Wold and Lauwersmeer National Park, where birdwatching and quiet hikes are a major draw.
Culturally, the Northern Netherlands maintains a proud and independent spirit. Festivals, local crafts, and regional food—like sugar bread, Groninger mustard soup, and local cheeses—highlight a strong connection to heritage. With fewer tourists than the western cities, the region provides a more intimate look at Dutch life. Whether you’re navigating a skûtsje on Frisian lakes or exploring a quiet village green, the Northern Netherlands offers an experience that feels grounded, peaceful, and distinctly local.
Table of Contents
- Cities of Northern Netherlands
- History of Northern Netherlands
- Early History of the Northern Netherlands Region
- Medieval Period in the Northern Netherlands Region
- Early Modern Era and Beyond in the Northern Netherlands Region
- Cities of Northern Netherlands
- Best Time to Visit Northern Netherlands
- Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Spring
- Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Summer
- Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Autumn
- Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Winter
- How to get to Northern Netherlands
- Airports Serving the Northern Netherlands Region
- Train Connections to the Northern Netherlands Region
- Getting Around the Northern Netherlands Region
- Festivals in Northern Netherlands
Cities of Northern Netherlands
Groningen

Visiting Groningen, located in the Northern Netherlands, offers a vibrant blend of youthful energy and rich cultural life. The city is known for its lively student population, which infuses the streets with a dynamic and creative atmosphere. Groningen’s compact city centre is perfect for exploring on foot or by bike, with a mix of historic architecture, modern shops, and bustling cafés lining the canals and squares.
Groningen boasts a thriving arts scene, with numerous museums, galleries, and theatres. The Groninger Museum, with its striking contemporary design, showcases a diverse range of art and exhibitions that appeal to all tastes. Throughout the year, the city hosts festivals celebrating music, film, and local culture, making it an engaging destination for visitors who enjoy creative events and nightlife.
Beyond the urban charm, Groningen is surrounded by picturesque countryside featuring flat landscapes, traditional farms, and quaint villages. The nearby Wadden Sea coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, offers unique nature experiences including mudflat hiking and birdwatching. Whether you’re drawn to city life or nature, Groningen provides a well-rounded visit in the heart of the Northern Netherlands.
View our Groningen GuideLeeuwarden

Visiting Leeuwarden, the vibrant capital of Friesland in the Northern Netherlands, offers a charming blend of culture, creativity, and picturesque canals. The city’s compact centre makes it easy to explore on foot or by bike, where you’ll find lively markets, boutique shops, and cozy cafés lining historic streets. Leeuwarden is known for its welcoming atmosphere and a strong sense of local identity, enriched by Frisian language and traditions.
Art and culture thrive in Leeuwarden, with numerous museums and galleries showcasing everything from contemporary works to traditional Frisian crafts. The city frequently hosts festivals, performances, and exhibitions that celebrate its unique heritage and modern creativity. Visitors can enjoy walking tours that highlight striking street art and impressive architecture, including its iconic leaning tower.
Beyond the city limits, Leeuwarden serves as a gateway to Friesland’s scenic landscapes, including lakes, waterways, and nature reserves. Whether you’re interested in urban exploration or outdoor adventures, Leeuwarden offers a balanced experience. Its friendly vibe and cultural richness make it an engaging destination within the Northern Netherlands region.
View our Leeuwarden GuideAssen

Assen, located in the northern Dutch province of Drenthe, offers a calm and green escape for visitors looking to explore both culture and nature. The city is best known for its scenic surroundings and laid-back atmosphere, making it a favourite for those who enjoy relaxed urban experiences with easy access to countryside walks and cycling trails. With well-maintained streets, public parks, and charming cafés, Assen is a lovely place to unwind while still enjoying the amenities of a modern Dutch city.
One of the main draws in Assen is the renowned Drents Museum, which houses impressive archaeological finds and rotating art exhibitions. Its standout architecture and engaging displays make it one of the top museums in the country. The city centre itself is compact and easy to explore on foot, with pleasant streets lined with shops, historic buildings, and canals. Whether you’re stopping by for a few hours or staying longer, it’s an accessible city with a friendly local vibe.
Beyond the city centre, Assen is also a gateway to the surrounding nature reserves of Drenthe. The nearby Asserbos forest offers walking and cycling paths through ancient woodland, while a short drive or bike ride will bring you to peaceful heathlands and prehistoric sites like hunebedden (megalithic tombs). Whether you’re interested in culture, outdoor activities, or simply taking it slow, Assen is a rewarding destination in the northern Netherlands.
View our Assen GuideDokkum

Dokkum, located in the province of Friesland in the Northern Netherlands, is one of the region’s most charming small cities. With its picturesque canals, drawbridges, and gabled houses, it’s a delight for those seeking a slower pace and authentic Dutch atmosphere. The compact centre makes it ideal for exploring on foot, and every corner reveals a new postcard-worthy scene. The city has a friendly, laid-back vibe and makes a lovely stop whether you’re on a regional road trip or spending a few days in Friesland.
Dokkum’s vibrant yet cosy town centre is dotted with boutiques, cafés, and bakeries that invite you to linger. The layout, still influenced by its old fortifications, gives the city a unique star-shaped footprint, which is best appreciated from a walk along the canal ring. Small independent museums, art galleries, and local artisan shops add to the experience. It’s also a good place to sample Frisian food and drink, especially in one of the traditional brown cafés or newer farm-to-table spots.
For those who enjoy being outdoors, Dokkum is surrounded by classic Frisian landscapes of flat meadows, wide skies, and water routes. It’s popular with cyclists and boaters alike. Nature reserves and small lakes lie just beyond the town, offering peaceful day trip options. The nearby Lauwersmeer National Park is an easy detour for birdwatching, hiking, or stargazing, making Dokkum not just a cultural gem, but a gateway to nature too.
View our Dokkum GuideSneek

Sneek, nestled in the Friesland region of the Northern Netherlands, is a vibrant town known for its rich maritime atmosphere and charming canals. The town’s compact centre is perfect for leisurely strolls along historic waterways, where traditional Dutch boats and lively harbours create a picturesque setting. Sneek’s mix of quaint shops, lively markets, and inviting cafés makes it an ideal destination for those looking to soak up authentic Frisian culture in a welcoming small-city environment.
One of the highlights of visiting Sneek is its active boating culture, with the town serving as a gateway to the famous Frisian Lakes. Visitors can easily rent boats or join guided tours to explore the surrounding waterways, offering a unique perspective on Friesland’s natural beauty. Sneek’s water sports scene and events, especially during the summer, add a dynamic and festive vibe to the town, attracting both locals and tourists alike.
Beyond the canals and boats, Sneek offers a range of cultural experiences including galleries, local artisan shops, and traditional festivals that celebrate the region’s heritage. Walking through its historic streets, visitors can discover charming squares and hidden courtyards that often host seasonal markets and performances. With a balance of lively energy and relaxing charm, Sneek offers a memorable visit for those exploring Friesland’s northern landscapes.
View our Sneek GuideEmmen

Emmen, located in the province of Drenthe in the Northern Netherlands, is a lively town known for its blend of natural beauty and modern attractions. It serves as a gateway to some of the region’s most remarkable landscapes, including expansive heathlands, forests, and nature reserves. Visitors to Emmen can enjoy a refreshing combination of outdoor activities and cultural experiences, making it an excellent base for exploring Drenthe’s unique environment.
One of Emmen’s standout features is its focus on family-friendly attractions and entertainment. The town is home to a renowned wildlife park that offers immersive experiences with animals from around the world, making it a favourite destination for visitors of all ages. Beyond the park, Emmen also hosts various events and markets throughout the year that celebrate local crafts, food, and culture, creating a warm and welcoming atmosphere for tourists.
Emmen’s compact centre provides a variety of shopping, dining, and leisure options, with a mixture of modern stores and traditional cafés. The town’s urban design incorporates green spaces and walking paths, encouraging visitors to explore on foot or by bike. Whether you’re seeking nature, culture, or family fun, Emmen offers a well-rounded visit in the heart of Drenthe.
View our Emmen GuideHoogeveen

Hoogeveen, situated in the province of Drenthe in the northeastern Netherlands, offers visitors a welcoming blend of small-town charm and modern amenities. The town is known for its spacious parks, shopping districts, and vibrant cultural scene, making it an enjoyable destination for both relaxation and exploration. Its location provides easy access to the natural beauty of Drenthe, perfect for outdoor enthusiasts.
The town centre of Hoogeveen features a variety of shops, cafés, and restaurants where visitors can experience local flavors and hospitality. The weekly markets and seasonal events create a lively atmosphere, while galleries and theatres add to the cultural offerings. With well-maintained cycling paths and pedestrian-friendly streets, exploring Hoogeveen on foot or by bike is both convenient and pleasant.
For those interested in nature, Hoogeveen serves as a gateway to surrounding heathlands, forests, and nature reserves. The nearby Drents-Friese Wold National Park is easily reachable and offers extensive trails for hiking, cycling, and wildlife spotting. Whether you’re seeking urban comforts or access to tranquil landscapes, Hoogeveen provides a balanced and inviting experience in the heart of Drenthe.
View our Hoogeveen GuideHistory of Northern Netherlands
Early History of the Northern Netherlands Region
The Northern Netherlands region has been inhabited since prehistoric times, as evidenced by the megalithic hunebedden (dolmens) found across Drenthe. These burial monuments date back to around 3000 BCE and reflect the presence of early agrarian societies. During the Roman era, much of the area remained outside the Empire’s control, populated by Germanic and Frisian tribes who lived in scattered settlements and farmsteads. Wetlands, peat bogs, and marshes made the land difficult to cultivate, but communities adapted by building artificial mounds known as terpen to protect their homes from floods.
Medieval Period in the Northern Netherlands Region
During the early medieval period, the Northern Netherlands was a patchwork of largely autonomous regions. Friesland maintained a unique position with a strong sense of independence, and the Frisians became known for resisting external rulers, including the Franks and later the Holy Roman Empire. Cities like Groningen and Leeuwarden began to grow in the later Middle Ages as centres of trade and governance. In Drenthe, power remained decentralized, with rural communities operating under local assemblies and limited feudal control. The region as a whole was shaped by both agricultural expansion and the challenges of water management.
Early Modern Era and Beyond in the Northern Netherlands Region
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Northern Netherlands joined the broader Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, with cities like Groningen playing strategic roles. After the formation of the Dutch Republic, the region remained somewhat peripheral economically but retained a strong cultural identity. Friesland, in particular, maintained its own language and legal traditions. The 19th century brought modernization through railways and peat reclamation, while the 20th century saw industrial growth in cities like Groningen. Despite this, the region kept much of its rural character. Today, the Northern Netherlands continues to preserve its historical legacy through language, landscape, and local customs.
Best Time to Visit Northern Netherlands
Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Spring
Spring is a refreshing time to visit the Northern Netherlands, with average temperatures ranging from 8°C to 15°C. The landscape begins to bloom, especially in rural areas of Friesland and Drenthe, where fields, orchards, and gardens come to life. While occasional rain showers are common, this season offers peaceful countryside walks and fewer crowds. It’s also a great time for birdwatching in nature reserves like Lauwersmeer.
Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Summer (Best)
Summer is the best season to explore the Northern Netherlands, with daytime temperatures typically between 18°C and 23°C. Long, mild days provide ideal conditions for cycling, sailing, and enjoying the region’s lakes and islands. Coastal towns such as Harlingen and Dokkum, as well as the Wadden Islands like Ameland and Schiermonnikoog, are popular in this season. Outdoor festivals and village events are in full swing, offering a lively yet relaxed atmosphere.
Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Autumn
Autumn sees temperatures cooling to around 10°C to 15°C in September, dropping to 5°C to 10°C by November. This season brings rich colours to the forests of Drenthe and peaceful walks through quiet farmland. It’s an excellent time for visiting museums and historic towns like Appingedam and Leeuwarden without summer crowds. Rain becomes more frequent, so visitors should be prepared for cooler, damp days.
Visiting the Northern Netherlands in Winter
Winter in the Northern Netherlands is calm and chilly, with average temperatures ranging from 0°C to 6°C. Though snow is not guaranteed, frost-covered landscapes and frozen canals offer a scenic experience. In years when canals freeze solid, ice skating becomes a beloved activity. Cities like Groningen and Leeuwarden offer festive lights and winter events, while small villages feel especially cozy during this quiet season.
Annual Weather Overview
- January 5°C 45°F
- February 7°C 48°F
- March 10°C 53°F
- April 15°C 62°F
- May 18°C 67°F
- June 21°C 73°F
- July 22°C 74°F
- August 23°C 78°F
- September 20°C 72°F
- October 15°C 62°F
- November 9°C 53°F
- December 8°C 51°F
How to get to Northern Netherlands
Airports Serving the Northern Netherlands Region
The main airport in the Northern Netherlands region is Groningen Airport Eelde (GRQ), located about 15 km south of Groningen. It handles a limited number of European flights, mainly to destinations in southern Europe. For wider international access, travelers often use Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS), which offers direct train connections to major towns in the north such as Leeuwarden, Groningen, and Assen. Another option is Bremen Airport (BRE) in Germany, which is within driving distance of Groningen and may suit those arriving from eastern Europe.
Train Connections to the Northern Netherlands Region
Rail is a convenient way to reach the Northern Netherlands. From Amsterdam, trains to Groningen and Leeuwarden depart regularly and take around 2 to 2.5 hours. Assen, the capital of Drenthe, is also served by direct trains from Utrecht and Zwolle. The national railway operator NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen) provides regular service to the region. For travel information and tickets, visit NS Dutch Railways.
Getting Around the Northern Netherlands Region
The Northern Netherlands region is easy to explore by train and bus, with well-maintained connections between cities and smaller towns. Arriva, a regional operator, supplements national rail services, especially between places like Sneek, Dokkum, and Delfzijl. Trains and buses connect most towns with reasonable frequency, even in rural areas.
Cycling is especially popular here, supported by a vast network of bike paths. Cities like Leeuwarden, Groningen, and Assen are all bike-friendly, and it’s easy to rent bicycles at train stations. Driving is also practical, especially for exploring countryside routes or remote villages, with well-maintained roads and little traffic compared to the Randstad.
In cities, local buses and cycling are sufficient for day-to-day transport. For island visits, such as to Schiermonnikoog or Ameland, regional buses and ferry services from towns like Lauwersoog or Holwerd make coastal exploration straightforward and scenic.
Festivals in Northern Netherlands
Into The Great Wide Open
When: September
Where: Vlieland
A laid-back music and arts festival held on the Wadden Island of Vlieland, combining indie concerts, film, and visual art in a natural dune and forest setting. It’s known for its intimate atmosphere and eco-conscious focus.
Welcome to The Village
When: July
Where: Leeuwarden
An innovative multi-day festival blending music, theatre, and sustainability projects. The event transforms a local park into a mini-village where creative performances and social experiments meet.
Noorderzon Performing Arts Festival
When: August
Where: Groningen
This international arts festival brings avant-garde theatre, dance, and music to Groningen’s city parks and venues, drawing performers and audiences from across Europe.
Oerolfestival
When: June
Where: Terschelling
A renowned ten-day festival of theatre and site-specific performances, taking place in the island’s dunes, forests, and beaches. Oerol is known for its immersive and environmental focus.
Bevrijdingsfestival Fryslân
When: May
Where: Leeuwarden
Held on Liberation Day, this free open-air festival features music, speeches, and cultural activities to commemorate freedom and democracy, attracting large crowds to the city centre.
TT Festival
When: June
Where: Assen
Coinciding with the Dutch TT motorcycle race, this week-long city festival features concerts, parades, stunt shows, and street entertainment, making Assen a hub of motorsport and nightlife.
Eurosonic Noorderslag
When: January
Where: Groningen
Europe’s leading showcase festival for emerging musical talent. It draws thousands of industry professionals and fans, with live acts across dozens of venues in the city.
Open Stal Festival
When: July–August
Where: Oldeberkoop
A unique art festival where barns, sheds, and private homes in the village become temporary galleries for installations, sculpture, and contemporary art, creating a walking route of creativity.
Fries StraatFestival
When: May
Where: Leeuwarden
A colourful street theatre festival that takes over the historic centre with acrobatics, dance, comedy, and music, creating a festive atmosphere for all ages.
Folkloreweek Grouw
When: August
Where: Grou
A week-long celebration of Frisian heritage, with traditional costume parades, folk dancing, sailing regattas, and local food, honouring the community’s deep cultural roots.