Matera: The Complete Guide

Visiting Matera, Italy, is like stepping back in time to a city where history and culture are carved into the very stone. Known for its ancient cave dwellings, or “Sassi,” Matera offers a unique glimpse into the past, with structures dating back thousands of years. As you wander through the labyrinthine streets, you’ll encounter rock-hewn churches, some adorned with centuries-old frescoes, and homes built into the rugged landscape. The city’s distinctive architecture, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. Matera’s charm lies not only in its historical significance but also in the way it has seamlessly integrated modern life with its ancient roots, offering visitors a blend of past and present that is truly captivating.

Beyond its historical allure, Matera is a city alive with culture, gastronomy, and stunning landscapes. The city’s unique setting, perched on the edge of a ravine, offers breathtaking views, particularly at sunrise and sunset when the golden light bathes the stone buildings in a warm glow. Visitors can explore local markets, dine in cave restaurants, and experience the vibrant arts scene that has flourished here in recent years. Whether you’re interested in history, architecture, or simply soaking in the atmosphere of a city like no other, Matera offers a richly rewarding experience that leaves a lasting impression.

History of Matera

Ancient Beginnings of Matera

Matera, one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, has roots that stretch back to the Paleolithic period. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area was settled as early as 10,000 years ago, with its famous cave dwellings, known as the “Sassi,” carved into the limestone rock. These early inhabitants utilized the natural landscape to create shelters, giving rise to the complex and unique urban structure that would define Matera for millennia.

Matera During the Classical Period

In the classical period, Matera became part of the greater Greek and Roman cultural spheres. The city was influenced by the Magna Graecia colonization in southern Italy, which brought with it advancements in architecture, agriculture, and culture. Under Roman rule, Matera continued to develop, though it remained relatively small compared to other cities in the region. The Sassi continued to serve as homes, and the city became a quiet, rural community with deep ties to the land.

Matera in the Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, Matera experienced significant growth as it became a fortified city under the control of the Lombards, and later, the Normans. The city’s strategic location made it an important stronghold, and new religious and civic buildings were constructed, many of which were integrated into the existing cave dwellings. The Christian influence is evident in the numerous rock-hewn churches that were built during this period, some of which contain well-preserved frescoes that date back to the 8th and 9th centuries.

Matera in the Modern Era

By the 17th and 18th centuries, Matera had expanded beyond its original Sassi districts, and new neighborhoods were established. However, the Sassi remained densely populated, often with multiple families living in cramped and unsanitary conditions. By the mid-20th century, Matera’s Sassi had come to symbolize extreme poverty, prompting the Italian government to relocate thousands of residents to new housing. The Sassi were abandoned, and Matera became known as “the shame of Italy.”

Matera’s Revival and UNESCO Recognition

Matera’s fortunes began to change in the late 20th century when the abandoned Sassi were rediscovered by historians and architects who recognized their cultural and historical significance. Restoration efforts began, and in 1993, Matera was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This recognition marked the beginning of a new era for the city, transforming it into a symbol of cultural revival and a popular tourist destination. Today, Matera is celebrated for its unique architecture, rich history, and vibrant cultural life, culminating in its designation as a European Capital of Culture in 2019.

Visiting Matera for the first time and wondering what are the top places to see in the city? In this complete guide, I share the best things to do in Matera on the first visit. To help you plan your trip, I have also included an interactive map and practical tips for visiting!

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