Aix en Provence, France: The Ultimate Travel Guide 2025

Aix-en-Provence, commonly pronounced as “X,” is a stunning town in the far south of France, easily accessible by TGV high-speed train. It takes about three hours from downtown Paris and three and a half hours from Charles de Gaulle Airport. Located just 30km north of Marseille, Aix could well have been the central hub of Provence if not overshadowed by the larger metropolis. Historically, culturally, and socially, Aix-en-Provence and Marseille are vastly different, often leading visitors to favor one city over the other.

Aix-en-Provence is traditionally viewed as conservative, exuding a stately charm that makes it immediately appealing. Its proudest era was in the fifteenth century when it thrived as an independent fiefdom under the beloved King René of Anjou. The nineteenth century saw notable residents such as Paul Cézanne and Émile Zola, enhancing its cultural footprint. Today, Aix is known for its well-dressed youth, an influx of international students—especially Americans—and a certain level of snobbishness reminiscent of Paris.

The heart of the city, known as Vieil Aix, is a tangle of medieval lanes that collectively form a significant monument. This enchanting ensemble is more captivating than any single building or museum within it. The lively streets, tempting restaurants, cafés, shops, and fountained squares make it easy to spend days soaking in the city’s ambiance. The central area hosts some of Provence’s finest markets on Saturdays, with smaller markets on Tuesdays and Thursdays, offering an authentic taste of local life and culture.

TIP: If you are visiting Aix en Provence for just a day and want to make the most of your visit, you may want to consider taking a walking tour with a local guide. This is one of the most complete and best-rated city tours that covers the main, must-see attractions in about 3 hours. If you prefer walking at your own pace read our Self Guided Walking Tour of Aix en Provence.

History of Aix en Provence

Aix-en-Provence in Ancient Times and the Roman Period

The area around Aix-en-Provence, known in ancient times as Aquae Sextiae, dates back to Roman times. It was founded in 122 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus, who established a settlement near the natural hot springs in the region. The name “Aquae Sextiae” is a reference to the healing waters, which were highly prized by the Romans for their therapeutic properties. The town quickly grew into a key Roman settlement, benefiting from its strategic location and the surrounding fertile land.

Aix-en-Provence flourished during the Roman era, and evidence of its Roman past can still be seen today in the ruins of Roman baths, temples, and other architectural remnants. The town was also known for its spa culture, attracting visitors from all over the Roman Empire who sought the healing properties of its hot springs. This early period set the foundation for Aix-en-Provence as a center of culture and relaxation, aspects that still define the town today.

Aix-en-Provence in the Medieval Period

During the Middle Ages, Aix-en-Provence saw significant changes. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the town came under Frankish rule and later became a major center of the Count of Provence’s domain. By the 12th century, Aix had become an important political and ecclesiastical center, thanks to its proximity to the Papal States and its growing influence as a commercial hub.

Aix-en-Provence’s medieval architecture is one of its key features, with many buildings from this period still standing. Notably, the Saint-Sauveur Cathedral was constructed during this time, featuring a mix of Romanesque and Gothic styles. The town was also known for its university, which was founded in the 15th century and became a leading intellectual center in southern France. The medieval period cemented Aix-en-Provence’s role as a cultural and political hub in the region.

Aix-en-Provence in the Renaissance and Early Modern Period

During the Renaissance, Aix-en-Provence experienced a period of great prosperity. The town became a vibrant cultural center, with wealthy families commissioning magnificent buildings, fountains, and other public works that still enhance the town’s charm. The Cultural Renaissance also saw the rise of prominent artists and intellectuals who made Aix their home or visited for inspiration.

The Renaissance influence is still visible in the town’s public squares, mansions, and art galleries. The Cours Mirabeau, one of Aix-en-Provence’s most famous streets, was developed during this period. The wide avenue is lined with plane trees, fountains, and elegant buildings that have made it one of the most beautiful boulevards in France. Aix’s popularity as a cultural center continued to grow, particularly during the reign of King Louis XIV, when the town was a favorite destination for nobility.

Aix-en-Provence in the 18th and 19th Centuries

The 18th century brought a mix of challenges and opportunities for Aix-en-Provence. The town became more closely aligned with the monarchy, but it also faced the challenges of the French Revolution. During this time, many of the town’s aristocratic families lost their power and influence. Despite these political shifts, the town’s artistic and cultural significance continued to grow. The Royal Court in Aix attracted artists, intellectuals, and musicians, leading to a flourishing of classical music and theater in the region.

By the 19th century, Aix-en-Provence became a favorite destination for artists, most notably Paul Cézanne, one of the most famous figures in French post-impressionism. Cézanne was born in the town and spent much of his life here, drawing inspiration from the surrounding Provençal landscape. His works are celebrated for capturing the essence of southern France, with the iconic Mount Sainte-Victoire often featured in his paintings. The artistic legacy of the town continued to shape its identity in the 19th century, making it a key center of creativity and innovation.

Aix-en-Provence in the 20th Century

The 20th century saw a transformation in Aix-en-Provence from a historic town into a modern cultural and academic center. The town’s prestigious university, the Université de Provence, became a focal point for research, education, and intellectual exchange. With the rise of mass tourism in the 20th century, Aix became increasingly popular with visitors who were drawn to its rich history, stunning architecture, and beautiful landscapes.

Aix-en-Provence also experienced significant urban expansion during the 20th century, modernizing its infrastructure while preserving its historical sites. The town’s commitment to maintaining its cultural heritage while embracing modernity helped it retain its charm and character. Today, Aix is considered one of the most picturesque towns in France, attracting millions of visitors each year who come to enjoy its art, architecture, and natural beauty.

Aix-en-Provence in the 21st Century

In the 21st century, Aix-en-Provence remains a thriving cultural and tourist destination. It is famous for its festivals, including the Festival of Lyric Art and the Cézanne Festival, which celebrate the region’s artistic heritage. The town also continues to draw visitors with its historic public squares, beautiful fountains, and vibrant markets.

Aix-en-Provence’s role as a cultural hub continues to attract artists, musicians, and writers, while its university ensures that it remains an intellectual center. The town’s charm lies in its ability to blend modern amenities with its rich cultural and architectural history, making it one of the most beloved destinations in the south of France. With its thriving tourism industry, commitment to cultural preservation, and academic influence, Aix-en-Provence looks poised to continue thriving in the 21st century.

Visiting Aix en Provence for the first time and wondering what are the top places to see in the city? In this complete guide, I share the best things to do in Aix en Provence on the first visit. To help you plan your trip, I have also included an interactive map and practical tips for visiting!

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